3D Ink Research Articles

Valorization of Fruit and Vegetables Industry By-Streams for 3D Printing-A Review.

An energy supply crisis is impacting all the branches, including the agriculture and food industry. The wise and responsible utilization of plant raw materials already cultivated is becoming a must in the country's economy. Not only the waste of the resources included but also the environmental challenge are concerns behind the not exploited food production by-streams and leftovers' valorization. Fruits and vegetables' out of the market quality "beauty" standards are still valuable sources of nutritious compounds. The conversion of raw materials into edible products can be provided by many techniques, with three-dimensional printing being the most individualized one. The main objective of this review was to summarize the existing efforts for the valorization of fruits and vegetable residuals into edible 3D inks and then 3D printed products. The clustering analysis was used for the separation of certain research approaches in fruit and vegetable wastes exploitation for 3D printing inks' formulation. As the multilayer deposit technique is strongly dependent on the printing conditions and 3D ink formulation, therefore the tabularized description was included presenting the nozzle diameter, printing speed and other conditions specified.

Analysis of the Rendering of Deep and Short Art Effects Under the Multimedia Background Taking into Account the 3D Ink Rendering Algorithm

People's living standard is improving and the economy is developing rapidly, so the demand for spiritual culture is also increasing. Today, with the rapid development of information technology, 3D ink rendering technology has become an indispensable part of modern art. It is not only a visual expression and tool, but also has a great impact on people's daily life. It is based on computer language and multimedia software. Its main purpose is to express art through images, sound and text; it can also integrate various complex and creative elements to form a whole picture, thus giving the whole picture a certain sense of hierarchy. This will give people an intuitive and strong visual feeling, thus achieving the purpose of "visual communication". In 3D ink rendering technology, image processing and sound effects are the two most important aspects. Among them, there is a certain correlation between digital works and text and other multimedia contexts with strong and far-reaching art effects rendering; and the impact of color and sound effects on 3D scenes should not be ignored: from the overall perspective, the sense of picture and enhanced visual effects can enhance the virtual reality space atmosphere and enrich the visual experience; but from the specific content, this may reduce the efficiency of the rendering process. In this paper, we start from the principle of ink rendering algorithm and analyze its impact on the picture effect and color processing in combination with 3D ink rendering technology.

3D Printable Polyelectrolyte Complex‐Integrated Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels with Customizable Mechanical Strength and pH‐Responsiveness

AbstractHerein, a novel 3D printable ink designed for the fabrication of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels is introduced, ingeniously integrating a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS) with a photo‐crosslinkable P(OEGMA‐co‐EGDEMA) polymer. Initially, the carboxyl group of HA is modified with a photo‐labile ortho‐nitrobenzyl group, preventing premature PEC formation during 3D ink formulation. Subsequent UV illumination via digital light processing (DLP) simultaneously triggers the photo‐deprotection of the carboxyl group of HA and the photopolymerization of OEGMA crosslinked hydrogel, together creating a PEC‐integrated IPN hydrogel. Comprehensive characterizations, including NMR, IR, UV/Vis, TGA, DSC, SEM, and mechanical tests are conducted to evaluate the structural, morphological, and rheological properties of these hydrogels. Furthermore, adjustments to the composition of the 3D ink enable the production of hydrogels with a spectrum of mechanical strength and elastic modulus ranging from 1 to 10 kPa. The resultant PEC‐IPN hydrogels display excellent flexibility, compressive strength, high strain tolerance, pH responsiveness, and thermal stability. In essence, the approach seamlessly merges natural polyelectrolytes with technological innovation to refine 3D ink production. This method could mark a pivotal advancement in the realm of 3D materials, unlocking numerous prospective applications.

Artistic Characteristics and Innovative Application of Ink Animation in Animation Scenes in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract This paper discusses the artistic characteristics and innovative applications of ink animation in the era of artificial intelligence, mainly including the preprocessing of ink works, the Extraction of stylistic feature analysis, the internal haloing technique, and the simulation technique of ink painting features. The research methods include image segmentation, object contour and internal separation, and the application of ink stylization techniques. The results show that the improved CIE1976L*a*b* color space transformation and the “kernel-free” region growing method have successfully realized the efficient processing and stylistic feature extraction of ink works. The experiments use the gray scale co-production matrix for texture characterization, and the results show that the extracted stylistic features have a high degree of consistency with the traditional artistic features of ink animation. In addition, the practical expression of terrain ink style is realized by 3D ink rendering technology, which demonstrates the innovative application of ink animation in modern technology.

Testing the printability of 3D inks

Different volume percentages of solid wax beads to liquid resin change the rheology behind direct ink write printing.

Complex-shaped, finely-featured ZrC/W composites via shape-preserving reactive melt infiltration of porous WC structures fabricated by 3D ink extrusion

Complex-shaped, finely-featured, ultra-high-melting ZrC/W composite structures were produced by coupling, for the first time, three-dimensional (3D) ink-extrusion printing with shape/size-preserving reactive melt infiltration (the Displacive Compensation of Porosity, DCP, process). Inks containing sub-micron WC powders were printed at ambient temperature into either fine-scale structures (sub-millimeter filaments) or into a larger-scale, finely-featured 3D structure (a centimeter-scale nozzle with a sub-millimeter-thick wall). After organic binder removal, the printed structures were sintered at 1650 °C for 1 h to achieve a porosity of 50%. The porous, rigid WC structures then underwent ambient pressure infiltration and reaction with Zr-Cu liquid at up to 1350 °C for 2 h. The reaction of WC to yield more voluminous ZrC and W products filled prior pores (DCP process) to yield shape-preserved, dense ZrC/W structures after Cu dissolution from external surfaces. This new integrated approach opens the door to ultra-high-melting ceramic/metal composite structures with complex 3D shapes and fine (millimeter-scale) features.

3D ink-printed, sintered porous silicon scaffolds for battery applications

The fabrication of 3D ink-printed and sintered porous Si scaffolds as electrode material for lithium-ion batteries is explored. A hierarchically-porous architecture consisting of channels (~220 μm in diameter) between microporous Si struts is created to accommodate the large volume change from Si (de)lithiation during electrochemical (dis)charging. The influence of sintering parameters on Si strut porosity and the resulting mechanical and electrochemical properties of the scaffolds are studied experimentally and computationally. Varying sintering temperatures (1150–1300 °C) and sintering times (1–16 h) the open porosity within the Si filaments can be tailored between 46 and 60%. Pore size (3–6 μm) and wall thickness (3–8 μm) can be adjusted to tailor the surface-to-volume ratio. Computational results show that maximum capacity is expected at ~50% Si strut porosity, balancing short diffusion lengths and sufficient volume of active material. Stress concentrations are reduced at higher filament porosities albeit at the cost of energy density. For a filament porosity of 46%, hierarchically porous Si microlattice electrodes display gravimetric and volumetric capacities as high as 2,990 mA h g −1 and 2,860 mA h cm −3 , respectively. The simple 3D printing + sintering approach provides further opportunities for optimization of Si electrodes by geometrical freedom. • Si-powder inks are 3D ink printed into micro-scaffolds used as electrodes. • Partial sintering of Si yields hierarchical porosity within the scaffold struts. • Porosity accommodates the immense Si volume changes upon (dis)charging. • A primary battery with up to 2,990 mA h g-1 is demonstrated.

Effect of sodium carbonate addition on the properties of calcium silicate scaffolds fabricated by 3DIP

3D ink printing (3DIP) technology can accurately control the macroscopic size and microstructure of bioceramic scaffolds. However, nonceramic components in the printing ink used in 3DIP severely affect densification, resulting in less desirable mechanical properties of the scaffolds. In this study, a strategy of sintering assisted by a sintering aid (sodium carbonate) was used to prepare calcium silicate (CSi) scaffolds with high strength. The addition of 1% sintering aid to a CSi scaffold sintered at 1100 °C led to an appreciable compressive strength (47.8 MPa) and high elastic modulus (1847 MPa). Moreover, the CSi scaffolds with sintering aids showed better degradation ability and mineralization ability than the CSi scaffolds without sintering aids. It is expected that the method involving strengthening with sintering aids will promote the application of 3DIP bioceramic scaffolds in the repair of bone defects.

Printability, microstructure, and flow dynamics of phase-separated edible 3D inks

Personalizing the nutrition and sensorial attributes of 3D printed foods primarily requires various multiscale properties to be individually tailored. Herein, multiscale inks are produced by segregative phase separation, a candidate for further 3D inks texture control, of gellan gum (GG), and whey protein isolate (WPI). The inks microstructure, rheological properties, flow dynamics, their impact on printability, and properties-variables interactions are analyzed using experimental design and clustering. The gels are a GG matrix structured with WPI beads or fibers ranging from <5 to >100 μm in diameter. A straightforward, six-step printability test determines that high-quality prints require increasing viscosity, which is obtained by reducing the size and length of the WPI beads. Also, flow dynamics and rheology models predict the shear stress and extrusion force, according to the print settings and food-inks fluid properties. The phase-separated inks enable printing at high speed (>25/50 mm/s) upon low extrusion forces (<50 N) and low shear stresses (<500 Pa), according to the calculations and model validation.These printability evaluation methodologies and fabrication of phase-separated inks are particularly interesting for 3D food printing, bioprinting, or biomaterials applications.

3D ink-extrusion printing and sintering of Ti, Ti-TiB and Ti-TiC microlattices

Titanium metal matrix composite microlattices are fabricated using 3D ink extrusion printing and sintering. The inks consist of TiH2+TiB2 or TiH2+TiC powder blends to form (i) Ti-TiB composites by dehydrogenation and in situ reaction of Ti + TiB2 to form Ti + TiB and (ii) Ti-TiC composites, where TiC remains stable during the sintering process. Rapid densification of the printed powder blend is achieved during pressureless sintering in vacuum at 1200 °C between 1 and 4 h, due to the small Ti particle size available from dehydrogenation of micron-sized TiH2. Near-full density Ti-TiB and Ti-TiC is achieved within individual lattice struts, despite high TiB and TiC volume fractions up to 25 vol.%. The added TiB2 particles are fully dissolved and re-precipitated to TiB whiskers and whisker clusters in <0.5 h. The compressive properties of sintered cross-ply microlattices are measured for the three types of composites (Ti-TiB, Ti-TiC and Ti-TiC(W), with W originating from powder contamination) and pure Ti controls as a function of lattice orientation with respect to load. The compressive strength of the Ti-TiB/TiC composites increases from 55 to 1019 MPa as the designed lattice macroporosity is reduced from 71 to 24 %, and scales with the third power of relative density, indicating a high sensitivity of strength with relative density.

A Study of Digital Convergence And Integration Contents Utilizing Ink Painting Technique

Ink painting is an important art creation method in oriental culture. Although ink painting lacks of sense of reality compared to western painting, it contains its unique drawing skills, which is of great significance to the inheritance and development of Oriental culture. Animation or game utilizing by ink painting technique are derivative contents from ink painting. This paper will through research the brief history of 3D ink contents works and traditional drawing skills to research existing ink works' art characters and the general production method. Also describe the extensibility of 3D ink animation contents. There has extremely high research value of new convergence contents as mobile game, VR / AR etc. And according to those research ink style image contents can be assumed get further development in the future.

3D-Printed Nose-to-Larynx Airway Model, Preliminary Study

Background and Objectives Flexible fiberscopy is essential in the examination of the nose to larynx airway. However, the instrument is sensitive to manipulation and can sometimes be damaged when excessive external force is applied. In addition, patients can be injured during fiberscopic examination. In this regard, a airway model mimicking the human airway passage was developed for the education of fiberscopy to minimize the danger to both patient and fiberscope. Materials and Method Neck CT data was used to 3D-print the airway model. Using the 3D doctor software, the outlines of the air-filled cavities were extracted. The outline data was modified to make the inside of the outline empty and the outside filled with 3D ink resin. The airway data was used to 3D-print the replica in three pieces, which were then assembled into one. Flexible laryngoscopic examination of nose to larynx was performed using the nose-to-larynx airway model, and for a male patient enrolled in the study. Virtual endoscopy was performed using the same CT data. The examination data were then compared frame by frame with regards to the shapes and positions of nasal inlet, inferior turbinate, torus tubarius, hypopharynx, epiglottis and vocal cord. Results The airway model was very similar in shape and position of the anatomic landmarks compared with real human airway examined by the fiberscope. Conclusion The results of 3D-printed airway model showed similar shapes as the real human airway, and real time endoscopy could be done using the model. This technique can be extended to make models of tubed organs such as the intestine or the bronchial tree. Key words: Airway model ㆍ Fiberscope ㆍ 3D printer

An investigation into the depth and time dependent behavior of UV cured 3D ink jet printed objects – CORRIGENDUM

doi: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.4, Published by Materials Research Society with Cambridge University Press, 20 February 2017

An investigation into the depth and time dependent behavior of UV cured 3D ink jet printed objects

Abstract

Colorimetric properties and stability of 3D prints

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate and discuss colour properties, stability and lightfastness after accelerated exposure in xenon‐arc light apparatus, of 3D ink jet prints produced by using 3D colour printing process.Design/methodology/approach3D colour prints were produced using ZCorporation 3D printing method. The samples were divided into groups according to the finishing process applied (untreated, finished with different infiltrants). Colorimetric properties were measured using spectrophotometer. Samples were placed into xenon‐arc based weathering apparatus (Xenotest), using the preset glass filtered sunlight, standard indoor conditions. Colour stability was evaluated as change in colour after repeating the spectrophotometer measurements and comparing spectral and specific colorimetric values of initial and exposed samples.FindingsBased on methodology used, the analysis has shown the changes in colour appearance of differently finished 3D prints, which were mostly attributed to chroma and lightness variations. The colour stability of samples studied noticeably varied and is dependent on colour, percentage of ink coverage and finishing method. Issues of colour and stability of 3D ink jet prints could become important as 3D printing emerges into new application areas, in which the object properties will need to be maintained for a certain amount of time.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is comparative and is limited to the specific materials and procedures used.Originality/valueThe paper describes aspects of colour 3D printing for which the published research and literature data are still, for the most part, lacking. Colour measurements methodology and evaluation of stability described could be of value for further research and for users of the technology.

3D Ink Jet Printing of Ceramics and Biomaterials

Ink jet provides a versatile technique for the positioning of precise volumes of fluid. This can be used as a micromanufacturing tool, if the required materials can be delivered in liquid form. We have developed highly concentrated particle suspensions of a range of sub-micron ceramic materials with viscosities sufficiently low for use in commercial industrial ink jet printers. By choosing a suitable strategy to solidify the slurries, 3-dimensional structures can be produced by overprinting. The influennce of fluid properties on printing characteristics will be discussed and example ceramic structures printed and sintered will be described.It is also possible to use the methods developed for printing inorganic suspensions to print concentrated suspensions of living cells. Preliminary results will be presented of work using ink-jet printing to manufacture 3-dimensional cellular constructs for bioreactor and tissue engineering applications.

Experimental Observations of Internal Vortex Structures in Steady Baroclinic Waves

Abstract The basic structures of steady baroclinic waves observed in a differentially heated rotating-fluid annulus are well known to be composed of high and low pressure vortices, upper (eastward) and lower (westward) jet streams meandering through the vortices, and boundary layers. In order to find the structure of the vortices, the authors have conducted a series of experiments on a rotating-fluid annulus by injecting a few drops of red ink (and/or uranine solution) into a vortex or a jet and observing the results in the corotating reference frame of the wave that drifted eastward (counterclockwise) relative to the rotating annulus. The observed 3D ink patterns appearing in the fluid revealed the inner regions of the vortices. Their structures are composed of a core and a transition zone (separatrix layer). The core is a rather well-isolated region around the axis of the vortex and is split into separate upper and lower layers. The transition zone is a thin layer next to the core and the fluid is frequ...