3D Imaging Devices Research Articles

Comparing 3D imaging devices for the measurement of cutaneous neurofibromas in patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs) are a major cause of disfigurement in patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). However, clinical trials investigating cNF treatments lack standardised outcome measures to objectively evaluate changes in cNF size and appearance. 3D imaging has been proposed as an objective standardised outcome measure however various systems exist with different features that affect useability in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy, precision, feasibility, reliability and accessibility of three imaging systems. We compared the Vectra-H1, LifeViz-Micro and Cherry-Imaging systems. A total of 58 cNFs from 13 participants with NF1 were selected for imaging and analysis. The primary endpoint was accuracy as measured by comparison of measurements between imaging systems. Secondary endpoints included reliability between two operators, precision as measured with the average coefficient of variation, feasibility as determined by time to capture and analyse an image and accessibility as determined by cost. There was no significant difference in accuracy between the three devices for length or surface area measurements (p>0.05), and reliability and precision were similar. Volume measurements demonstrated the most variability compared to other measurements; LifeViz-Micro demonstrated the least measurement variability for surface area and image capture and analysis were fastest with LifeViz-Micro. LifeViz-Micro was better for imaging smaller number of cNFs (1-3), Vectra-H1 better for larger areas and Cherry for uneven surfaces. All systems demonstrated excellent reliability but possess distinct advantages and limitations. Surface area is the most consistent and reliable parameter for measuring cNF size in clinical trials.

C54-TiSi2 formation using nanosecond laser annealing of A-Si/Ti/A-Si stacks

Low resistive Ti-based contacts are required to reach the targeted performances of 3D imaging devices. To fulfill this request, the C54-TiSi2 phase appears to be the most efficient. However, in view of monolithic integration, the temperature needed to form C54-TiSi2 must be drastically reduced by at least 100 °C in order to avoid damage in other parts of the device. Indeed, as these 3D imaging devices require the co-integration of Ti and Ni based silicides, it is crucial to develop a thermal treatment which allows to form the C54-TiSi2 phase without agglomerating the NiSi layer (i.e. at temperatures lower than 600 °C). In this work, a three-layer stack made of a Ti layer in between two amorphous Si thin films deposited on (100) Si substrate has been studied. Nanosecond laser annealing (NLA) followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) from 500 to 800 °C were performed on those stacks. Sheet resistance and X-Ray Diffraction measurements showed that the C54-TiSi2 phase could be formed with a RTA treatment at a temperature as low as 600 °C in this case. In line with some previous work, this was due to another phase sequence involving the C40-TiSi2 during the laser annealing. The most favorable microstructure to form C54-TiSi2 by a subsequent RTA treatment seemed to be a matrix made of amorphous titanium silicide containing grains of the C40-TiSi2 template phase. This hypothetical microstructure was formed by laser annealing at a lower energy density when layers of amorphous Si were used.

Photon Upconversion Cooperates with Downshifting in Chiral Systems: Modulation, Amplification, and Applications of Circularly Polarized Luminescence

AbstractCircularly polarized luminescence (CPL)‐active materials are increasingly recognized for their potential applications such as 3D imaging, data storage, and optoelectronic devices. Typically, CPL materials have required high‐energy (HE) photons for excitation to emit low‐energy (LE) circularly polarized light, a process known as downshifting CPL (DSCPL). However, the emergence of upconverted CPL (UCCPL), where the absorption of multi LE photons results in the emission of a single HE photon with circular polarization, has recently attracted considerable attention. This minireview highlights the intricate relationship between upconversion and CPL phenomena. During upconversion, the dissymmetry factor (glum) value can be improved in certain systems. Additionally, the integration of both LE and HE photons in upconversion‐downshifting‐synergistic systems offers avenues for dual‐excitation or dual‐emission CPL functionalities. More in detail, the emerging UCCPL based on various photon upconversion mechanisms and their synergy with DSCPL are introduced. Additionally, several examples that demonstrate the applications of UCCPL are presented to highlight the future opportunities.

Photon Upconversion Cooperates with Downshifting in Chiral Systems: Modulation, Amplification, and Applications of Circularly Polarized Luminescence.

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)-active materials are increasingly recognized for their potential applications such as 3D imaging, data storage, and optoelectronic devices. Typically, CPL materials have required high-energy (HE) photons for excitation to emit low-energy (LE) circularly polarized light, a process known as downshifting CPL (DSCPL). However, the emergence of upconverted CPL (UCCPL), where the absorption of multi LE photons results in the emission of a single HE photon with circular polarization, has recently attracted considerable attention. This minireview highlights the intricate relationship between upconversion and CPL phenomena. During upconversion, the dissymmetry factor (glum) value can be improved in certain systems. Additionally, the integration of both LE and HE photons in upconversion-downshifting-synergistic systems offers avenues for dual-excitation or dual-emission CPL functionalities. More in detail, the emerging UCCPL based on various photon upconversion mechanisms and their synergy with DSCPL are introduced. Additionally, several examples that demonstrate the applications of UCCPL are presented to highlight the future opportunities.

Comparison of the Effective Radiation Dose in the Region of the Facial Skull Between Multidetector CT, Dental Conebeam CT and Intraoperative 3D C-Arms

Study Design Experimental single-centre study of X-ray absorption using a phantom skull. Objective This experimental study aimed to compare the radiation doses of different 3D imaging devices used in maxillofacial surgery, including one Multidetector CT (MDCT), two Conebeam CT (CBCT) and four intraoperative 3D C-arms. Methods Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used to determine the absorbed radiation in an Alderson-Rando phantom skull. The phantom skull was positioned in the before mentioned seven devices and a defined 3D facial skull image was acquired. Subsequently, the TLD’S were read out and the effective doses (ED) and the organ doses (OD) were calculated and compared. Results OD varied significantly between tissues as well as between the 3D X-ray devices. The OD of the 3D C-arms were significantly lower than those of all other devices. The OD of the CT, especially in the standard setting, was the highest. Only by special adjustments of the scan protocol regarding CMF requirements for traumatology, the MDCT could achieve almost equivalent doses as the two tested CBCT-scanners. The calculated effective doses were also lowest for the 3D C-arm devices (11.2 to 129.9 μSv). The ED of the MDCT were significant higher (284.52–844.97 μSv) than in all other devices. The ED of the CBCTs (173.7–184.9) were lower than for MDCT but still higher than those of the 3D C-arms. Conclusions Intraoperative imaging using 3D C-arm devices is an effective method to verify reduction results in maxillofacial surgery intraoperatively with significantly lower ED than postoperatively CBCT and MDCT imaging.

3D assessment of ear morphology

IntroductionAuricular reconstruction is a technically challenging and aesthetically demanding procedure as the ear has a complex anatomy. Anthropometry aids in achieving aesthetic ear reconstruction. We considered that implication of stereophotogrammetric technology will lead to a better understanding of human ear morphology. Material and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in our institutional OPD in a tertiary health care centre in the Northern part of India.400 people were chosen based on selection criteria. facial scans were done for 3D pictures using Canfield VECTRA® H2 3D imaging device. Study variables were assessed after marking landmarks on the 3D-generated auricular image of an individual. DiscussionThis study consisted of 55.5% males and 44.5% females belonging to the age group of 5–25 years (30.3%), 26–40 years (38.8%) and>40 yr (31.0%). Out of 400 cases, the majority had; oval shaped auricle, normally rolled helix, square earlobe; knob shaped tragus. The attached type of earlobe attachment was more in the right auricle (37%) and the partial attachment ear lobe was more in the left side auricle (35.5%). Darwin's tubercle showed more proportion in the case of males. The mean length and width of the auricle & attachment length are higher in males compared to females. Ear Angulation is highest among females. ConclusionAssessment of ear morphology using technologically sound methods like stereophotogrammetry paves the way for a more quick, reliable and easy-to-use method for understanding ear morphology. Precise assessment of ear morphology using stereophotogrammetry helps in providing more cosmetic and acceptable ear restoration.

3‐3: Large‐FoV Fast LiDAR System based on Electrically Suppressed Helix Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal

With the continuing prosperity of LiDAR markets, the demand of a fast‐scanning, high‐precision and inexpensive LiDAR system is growing rapidly. In this paper, we disclose a fast‐switchable ferroelectric liquid crystal Dammann grating and polarization grating‐based holographic projection and detection system for 3D imaging devices and LiDAR with an extended field of view. The field of view of the proposed system can achieve ~80° with <0.5cm precision at a significantly lower cost. This improvement increases LiDAR versatility and performance in various scenarios.

Abstract P3-04-13: Patient experience with automated SoftVue 3D whole breast tomographic ultrasound

Abstract Authors: Mary Yamashita, MD; Rachel Brem, MD; Lauren Baker, Ph.D; MD; Taylor Mahoney, PhD; Patrick Walker, PharmD, MPH; Rachel Treat, MA; Linda Hovanessian Larsen, MD. Title: Patient experience with automated SoftVue 3D whole breast tomographic ultrasound. Purpose: SoftVue (SV) is an automated, 3D whole breast ultrasound tomographic imaging device which is FDA PMA approved as adjunct to mammography for women with dense breasts. Screening with handheld US is labor intensive and with ABUS is associated with significant patient discomfort. A benefit of SV is that image acquisition is not operator dependent and does not require compression. Because acceptance by patients is crucial to implementation of US screening, we evaluated patients’ experience with SV, specifically, asymptomatic women with BI-RADS c or d density undergoing FFDM. Materials and Methods: As part of a prospective, 10-site study, 7,439 asymptomatic women with BI-RADS density category c or d were screened on the same day with FFDM and SV. Each patient’s experience was assessed for perceived pain, discomfort and anxiety, discretion and modesty, overall satisfaction, and whether they would recommend it to others. The responses were measured on a Likert scale with 5 choices from strongly agree to strongly disagree, then studied by Chi-Squared analysis. Results: The mean age was 53.9 ± 9.7 yo, mostly white women (87.7%). The median BMI was 24.4. Majority had no personal history of breast cancer (97.2%), but 24.8% had a previous biopsy and almost half (46.3%) had a family history of breast cancer. Almost all patients (99.6%) completed the survey. SV was perceived as significantly more comfortable than FFDM (83.7% vs 52.2%, p< 0.001), was painless (94.9% vs 53.1%, p< 0.001), and was associated with less anxiety during the procedure (95.1% vs 79.9, p< 0.001). Lastly, 99.3% felt the experience was private and discreet, and 95% would recommend the SV exam to other women. Conclusion: Pain, fear, anxiety, and modesty concerns are some of the barriers preventing widespread implementation of screening breast US. This data suggests that SV, an FDA PMA approved adjunctive screening exam for women with dense breast tissue, is painless, offers a private and discreet scan that limits anxiety, and is well accepted by patients. Clinical relevance statement: SV is a novel automated US tomographic screening technology that is comfortable, well-accepted, FDA PMA approved, and will likely result in improved implementation of screening breast ultrasound in women with dense breasts. Citation Format: Mary Yamashita, Rachel F. Brem, Lauren Baker, Taylor F. Mahoney, Patrick Walker, Rachel M. Treat, Linda Hovanessian Larsen. Patient experience with automated SoftVue 3D whole breast tomographic ultrasound [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-13.

Optical sectioning of label-free samples using standard bright-field microscopy.

The three-dimensional (3D) images produced by the traditional bright-field (BF) light microscope are ill-defined and therefore require reconstruction. Current alternatives to perform 3D BF imaging require dedicated instrumentation or extensive computer modeling. We report optical sectioning in bright-field microscopy (OSBM), a direct method for 3D imaging of label-free samples, where the BF inverse-imaging problem is solved in real space by using an elemental combination of hardware and software. Our method consists in acquiring z-stack images of minimally treated samples under Köhler illumination in the coherent regime, followed by a digital image processing pipeline designed to localize the source of axial intensity gradients that correspond to the z-locations of scatterers within the sample. We validate OSBM by visualizing fungal, animal tissue, and plant samples and comparing with light sheet fluorescence microscopy imaging, finding excellent match for sparse spatial distributions. Our work demonstrates how the standard microscope can be used as an effective 3D imaging device.

Recursive quality optimization of a smart forming tool under the use of perception based hybrid datasets for training of a Deep Neural Network

In industrial metal forming processes, the generation of datasets for inline and optical quality assessment is expensive and time-consuming. Within the research project SimKI, conventional metal forming plants were digitalized under the use of perception-based 3D-sensors in combination with a completely redesigned forming tool. The integration of optical quality observation methods connected with a retrofitting approach of the press tool provides the opportunity to generate an information-feedback loop that predicts part defects before their occurrence. Additionally, the SimKI-method combines conventional statistical measurement methods with AI-based defect detection algorithms that are trained by generic datasets of a finite-element simulation, real component images of a 3D imaging device, and a combination of both. The generated datasets are used to accelerate the training of a DNN-based algorithm to identify the position and deviation from the agreed quality. The high degree of innovation is based on obtaining real-time component quality information under the use of AI-based optical quality assessment, which in turn provides information to the control algorithm of the smart forming tool.

Improvement of Multiclass Classification of Pavement Objects Using Intensity and Range Images

Automated recognition of road surface objects is vital for efficient and reliable road condition assessment. Despite recent advances in developing computer vision algorithms, it is still challenging to analyze road images due to the low contrast, background noises, object diversity, and variety of lighting conditions. Motivated by the need for an improved pavement objects classification, we present Dual Attention Convolutional Neural Network (DACNN) to improve the performance of multiclass classification using intensity and range images collected with 3D laser imaging devices. DACNN fuses heterogeneous information in intensity and range images to enhance distinguishing foreground from background, as well as to improve object classification in noisy images under various illumination conditions. DACNN also leverages multiscale input images by capturing contextual information for object classification with different sizes and shapes. DACNN contains an attention mechanism that (i) considers semantic interdependencies in spatial and channel dimensions and (ii) adaptively fuses scale-specific and mode-specific features so that each feature has its own level of contribution to the final decision. As a practical engineering project, dataset are collected from road surfaces using 3D laser imaging. DACNN is compared with four deep classifiers that are widely used in transportation applications. Experiments show that DACNN consistently outperforms the baselines by 22–35% on average in terms of the F-score. A comprehensive discussion is also presented regarding computational costs and how robustly the investigated classifiers perform on each road object.

P85. ARTIFICIALLY INTELLIGENT FACIAL FEATURE QUANTIFICATION AFTER FACIAL FILLER INJECTION

PURPOSE: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly ubiquitous in surgery. Commercially available facial AI algorithms can assess aesthetic treatments such as facelift or facial feminization surgery. The purposes of this study are to determine how AI facial-imaging estimates longitudinal age reduction over 90 days following cosmetic filler injection, and to correlate this with patient-reported appraisal of aging. METHODS: Women aged 40-65 were recruited and injected in a standardized fashion. Patients completed the FACE-QTM quality of life questionnaire and photographed using the Vectra® M3 3D Imaging device before injection, immediately post-intervention, and at 2-weeks, 4-weeks, and 12-weeks post-injection. Age was estimated using two AI algorithms: Amazon Rekognition and Microsoft Azure Face APIs. RESULTS: Fillers were administered to sixty-nine women. Both AI algorithms showed no change in age estimate following intervention, or at 14-days, 28-days, or 90-days following intervention. Self-reported appraisal of aging also did not change post-injection, or at 14-days, 28-days, or 90-days post-injection. At 12 weeks, both AI’s age estimations were correlated with the patient’s perception of aging (ρ=-0.65, ρ=-0.39, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Treatment with facial fillers did not change AI age estimation nor patient perception of aging, over 90 days. Over the long-term, there is a negative correlation between AI age estimation and sense of aging. Aging may not be the most discerning metric to study facial filler outcomes, inviting future investigation.

In Silico Modeling Demonstrates that User Variability During Tumor Measurement Can Affect In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy Outcomes.

User measurement bias during subcutaneous tumor measurement is a source of variation in preclinical in vivo studies. We investigated whether this user variability could impact efficacy study outcomes, in the form of the false negative result rate when comparing treated and control groups. Two tumor measurement methods were compared; calipers which rely on manual measurement, and an automatic 3D and thermal imaging device. Tumor growth curve data were used to create an in silico efficacy study with control and treated groups. Before applying user variability, treatment group tumor volumes were statistically different to the control group. Utilizing data collected from 15 different users across 9 in vivo studies, user measurement variability was computed for both methods and simulation was used to investigate its impact on the in silico study outcome. User variability produced a false negative result in 0.7% to 18.5% of simulated studies when using calipers, depending on treatment efficacy. When using an imaging device with lower user variability this was reduced to 0.0% to 2.6%, demonstrating that user variability impacts study outcomes and the ability to detect treatment effect. Reducing variability in efficacy studies can increase confidence in efficacy study outcomes without altering group sizes. By using a measurement device with lower user variability, the chance of missing a therapeutic effect can be reduced and time and resources spent pursuing false results could be saved. This improvement in data quality is of particular interest in discovery and dosing studies, where being able to detect small differences between groups is crucial.

Tek Doz Preemptif İntravenöz Deksketoprofen Trometamol ve İbuprofen'in Üçüncü Molar Cerrahisi Sonrası Ağrı ve Ödem Kontrolü Üzerine Etkileri: Prospektif, Randomize, Çift Kör ve Klinik Bir Çalışma

Objective: This comparative study aims to investigate the single-dose preemptive effects of intravenous (IV) dexketoprofen trometamol, ibuprofen for pain and edema control in mandibular wisdom teeth surgery. Material and Methods: In this study, 75 patients were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 received IV ibuprofen 60 min before surgery; Group 2 received IV dexketoprofen trometamol 60 min before surgery; Group 3 received IV placebo (100 cc saline) 60 min before surgery. The pain and facial swelling were evaluated. Postoperative pain was recorded with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) during 24 h. The total recovery acetaminophen intake dose was recorded in the first 24 h. Also, a 3D surface imaging device was used in the evaluation of swelling. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the pain between the ibuprofen and dexketoprofen groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the edema on the 2nd day (T1) between the ibuprofen and dexketoprofen group (p=0.010). On the 2nd day edema, the amount of edema observed in the ibuprofen group was recorded as the least. Postoperative edema and pain were higher in the placebo group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings obtained in this study suggest that the preemptive application of IV ibuprofen and dexketoprofen is effective in the control of edema and pain compared to the placebo group after third molar surgery.

The Application of 3D Dense Face Alignment in Esthetic Rehabilitation.

This article describes a technique for making an esthetic treatment plan by using a virtual face scan reconstructed from digital photographs through three-dimensional dense face alignment (3DDFA) and intraoral scans. Portrait photographs were captured with a digital camera and were reconstructed to a virtual 3D face scan by 3DDFA. After scaling the virtual face scan to the correct size, intraoral scans and virtual face scans were aligned to create a 3D view of the patient. A virtual diagnostic waxing was created accordingly. In select cases, this technique can provide 3D esthetic predictions when 3D face imaging devices are not available.

Integration and Application of Multimodal Measurement Techniques: Relevance of Photogrammetry to Orthodontics

Multimodal imaging, including 3D modalities, is increasingly being applied in orthodontics, both as a diagnostic tool and especially for the design of intraoral appliances, where geometric accuracy is very important. Laser scanners and other precision 3D-imaging devices are expensive and cumbersome, which limits their use in medical practice. Photogrammetry, using ordinary 2D photographs or video recordings to create 3D imagery, offers a cheaper and more convenient alternative, replacing the specialised equipment with handy consumer cameras. The present study addresses the question of to what extent, and under what conditions, this technique can be an adequate replacement for the 3D scanner. The accuracy of simple surface reconstruction and of model embedding achieved with photogrammetry was verified against that obtained with a triangulating laser scanner. To roughly evaluate the impact of image imperfections on photogrammetric reconstruction, the photographs for photogrammetry were taken under various lighting conditions and were used either raw or with a blur-simulating defocus. Video footage was also tested as another 2D-imaging modality feeding data into photogrammetry. The results show the significant potential of photogrammetric techniques.

Towards Quantum 3D Imaging Devices

We review the advancement of the research toward the design and implementation of quantum plenoptic cameras, radically novel 3D imaging devices that exploit both momentum–position entanglement and photon–number correlations to provide the typical refocusing and ultra-fast, scanning-free, 3D imaging capability of plenoptic devices, along with dramatically enhanced performances, unattainable in standard plenoptic cameras: diffraction-limited resolution, large depth of focus, and ultra-low noise. To further increase the volumetric resolution beyond the Rayleigh diffraction limit, and achieve the quantum limit, we are also developing dedicated protocols based on quantum Fisher information. However, for the quantum advantages of the proposed devices to be effective and appealing to end-users, two main challenges need to be tackled. First, due to the large number of frames required for correlation measurements to provide an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio, quantum plenoptic imaging (QPI) would require, if implemented with commercially available high-resolution cameras, acquisition times ranging from tens of seconds to a few minutes. Second, the elaboration of this large amount of data, in order to retrieve 3D images or refocusing 2D images, requires high-performance and time-consuming computation. To address these challenges, we are developing high-resolution single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) arrays and high-performance low-level programming of ultra-fast electronics, combined with compressive sensing and quantum tomography algorithms, with the aim to reduce both the acquisition and the elaboration time by two orders of magnitude. Routes toward exploitation of the QPI devices will also be discussed.

Fast LiDAR systems based on ferroelectric liquid crystal Dammann grating

ABSTRACT This article reveals a ferroelectric liquid crystal Dammann grating (FLCDG) based polarisation-modulation system for three-dimensional imaging (3D-imaging) device, which seriously increases the detection speed for Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Innovatively the FLC modulator with FLCDG that offers a high-speed shutter having frame frequency >50k frames/s. The proposed FLCDG replaces the iterative scanning and enables LiDAR as a one-shot capturing system. The proposed device shows a fast-switching speed (~5 μs) and precisely detects the translational as well as the rotational movement. Furthermore, low fabrication cost, lightweight, and small size make this device perfectly suitable modern LiDARs, particularly for short distances.

Intensity interferometry-based 3D imaging.

The development of single-photon counting detectors and arrays has made tremendous steps in recent years, not the least because of various new applications, e.g., LIDAR devices. In this work, a 3D imaging device based on real thermal light intensity interferometry is presented. By using gated SPAD technology, a basic 3D scene is imaged in reasonable measurement time. Compared to conventional approaches, the proposed synchronized photon counting allows the use of more light modes to enhance 3D ranging performance. Advantages like robustness to atmospheric scattering or autonomy by exploiting external light sources can make this ranging approach interesting for future applications.

Computer-aided design-CAM-guided endodontic microsurgical localization and retrieval of two separated instruments from the periapical area of a mandibular second molar

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging devices used for the visualization of anatomic structures not only allow for a more accurate diagnosis but also facilitate precise planning of surgical treatments, such as in guided surgery for instrument retrieval using templates. The innovative template-based treatment methods could also play a crucial role in future modern surgical endodontic treatments, enabling exact preplanning and precision-guided surgical interventions, and resulting in greater accuracy and success rates. We present here a case of a patient with a periapical lesion below a right mandibular second molar, with a fractured file segment extruding beyond the apex in the distal canal, and another instrument half-way extruded from the mesial canal, with radiolucencies evident at the mesial and distal root apices. The patient was treated by employing a 3D-guided microsurgical approach. First, 3D optical scans were imported into a guided surgery program. Periapical lesions and extruded fractured instruments were marked within the software. The osteotomy size, apical resection level, and bevel angle were defined pretreatment. This case introduces a novel-guided microsurgical endodontic technique, incorporating recommended guidelines of modern surgical endodontic treatment with the aid of 3D-printed surgical templates, by which minimally invasive surgical treatment was ensured with preservation of tooth, bone, and surrounding anatomical structures.