3D Effects Research Articles

Understanding and measuring EUV mask 3D effects

Understanding and measuring EUV mask 3D effects

The Use and Development of Artificial Intelligence in Architectural Design Processes

Artificial intelligence is widely used as an interactive technology in various professional disciplines. The widespread use of these technologies, which we benefit from in most areas of our lives, in the education sector will provide important developments in the field of education. The main purpose of this study is based on analysing the existing studies in which the use of artificial intelligence helps in architectural design processes. In the study, identification, screening, eligibility, inclusion and data analysis processes were carried out in three search engines such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect and ULAKBIM. While reporting the research, ‘Systematic Literature Review’ and ‘Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-Analysis’ protocols were followed and a total of 35 relevant articles were identified. In the research, three popular Artificial Intelligence applications used in architectural design processes were identified as Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), Machine Learning and Data Mining. In addition, Systematic Literature Review (SLR) outputs show that most researchers are supported by artificial intelligence applications in architectural design processes. As a result of the research, it was determined that artificial intelligence is widely used in architectural design processes, however, it has positive effects in 3D and animation parts.

Exploring the optimal combination of Ru/Ta bilayer mask stacks and illumination source shapes to mitigate mask 3D effects at high-NA extreme ultraviolet lithography

The imaging performance of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is determined by the optical properties and thickness of the photomask absorber material and the illumination source shape. Optimizing the trade-offs between imaging metrics, such as normalized image log slope, telecentricity error, and best focus variation through pitch (collectively known as mask-3-dimensional (M3D) effects), is crucial to improve the throughput of the EUV lithography process. This study aims to optimize Ru/Ta bilayer photomask absorber stacks and illumination source shapes to mitigate M3D effects using mask diffraction analysis. It intends to raise questions about the conventional absorber reflectivity or induced phase shift-based approach.

Evaluation of the urban heat island effect based on 3D modeling and planning indicators for urban planning proposals

ABSTRACT Urban planning plays an important role in the formation of urban space and microclimate. As a middle-level planning in the Chinese urban planning system, regulatory planning has a direct impact on the shaping of 3D urban space and can maximize the operability of urban planning. However, 3D space formation is not considered in the present preparation of regulatory plans, which leads to a misunderstanding of possibly formed 3D landscapes and microclimatic effects after the plan implementation. To support 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of the urban heat island effect (UHI) for regulatory planning, this study proposes a rule-based 3D modeling method to efficiently generate 3D models. The main elements of 3D models (terrain, building, road, vegetation, and land parcel) and their content were determined after analyzing the characteristics of 3D models in the regulatory plan. The 3D modeling process was constructed and combined with an UHI evaluation model through CGA programming. An index called heat island potential (HIP) was used as the UHI evaluation index and can be quantified using the correlation equations between planning indicators and HIP. The proposed method can support the planners to generate 3D models for a planning proposal, and simultaneously analyze 3D spatial effect and UHI.

Machine learning-aided quantitative detection of two mixed antibiotics in a narrow concentration range based on oxygen incorporation-induced 3D SERS substrates

Amoxicillin (AMO) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) as frequently-used antibiotics are often simultaneously taken for anti-infection to protect pig and poultry production, while their effective therapeutic window is narrow. How to quantitatively detect the two antibiotics mixed in a narrow concentration range is essential to ensure their treatment efficacy and food safety. In this study, quantitative detection of AMO and CIP mixed in animal flesh in one order of magnitude concentration range was performed using a triple SERS signal amplification sensor combined with machine learning. The SERS sensor based on oxygen incorporation (Oi)-induced 3D NiO nanoflowers (NFs) coated with Ag nanoparticles included 3D hot spot effect from strong internal electromagnetic couple in NiO NFs, the Oi effect of NiO and synergistic charge transfer effect of between NiO and Ag. Based on triple enhancement effects, sensitive SERS detection of AMO and CIP was made with the limits of detection of 1 nM and 100 nM. Through the use of machine learning techniques like principal component analysis and partial least square regression, qualitative and quantitative detection of AMO and CIP in their mixture from 1.33 μM to 8.69 μM was successfully achieved, where the average proportion of absolute prediction error (p ≤ 0.15) for concentration was 98.06 %.

Three-dimensional fracture modes decoupling by means of invariant integrals in wood under mixed mode loading

This paper addresses the determination of the energy release rate in an orthotropic elastic material such as wood with a three-dimensional view of the problem. The mixed mode loading associated with the anisotropy of the material required mode decoupling by isolating the energy release rates in mode I, mode II and in mode III. These energy release rates are calculated using the invariant integral M of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). This decoupling has necessitated the introduction of kinetically and statically admissible three-dimensional virtual displacement and stress fields in the vicinity of the crack front. The fracture mode decoupling strategy is presented and implemented through finite element modelling of a Mixed Mode Crack Growth (MMCG) specimen. Different thicknesses are investigated to highlight the 3D effects. The modelling highlighted the effect of Mode II at the edges of free surfaces for mixed loadings including mode III (mode III, mode (II+III) and mode (I+II+III)), while mode III was the predominant at the middle of the specimen. In cases of mixed mode (I+II), the energy release rate GI was highest at the middle of the specimen and lowest at the edges of the free surfaces, regardless of the degree of mixing for a given thickness. The correlation between the results obtained using the proposed approach and the non-dependence of the integration domain, as well as with the usual approaches employed in the literature, is demonstrated.

3D monitors improve performance on the HUGO™ RAS system: a randomised trial.

Robot-assisted surgery is used worldwide, allowing surgeons to perform complex surgeries with increased precision and flexibility. It offers technical benefits compared to traditional laparoscopic surgery due to its utilization of both 3D vision and articulated instruments. The objective was to investigate the isolated effect of 3D- versus 2D monitors when working with articulated instruments in robot-assisted surgery. Surgical novices (medical students, n = 31) were randomized to simulation-based training with either the 3D vision switched on or off. Both groups completed each of the four exercises six times over two sessions on the Medtronic Hugo™ RAS system simulator. The outcome was the simulator performance parameters and a visual discomfort questionnaire. For the efficiency parameters, we found that both groups improved over time (p < 0.001) and that the intervention group (3D) consistently outperformed the control (2D) group (p < 0.001). On the other hand, we didn't find any significant difference in the error metrics, such as drops (p-values between 0.07 and 0.57) and instrument collisions (p-values between 0.09 and 0.26). Regarding Visual Discomfort, it was significantly more difficult for the 3D group to focus (p = 0.001). 3D monitors for an open robotic console improve efficiency and speed compared to 2D monitors in a simulated setting when working with articulated instruments.

3D seismic bearing capacity of rectangular foundations near rock slopes using upper bound method

The analysis of foundation's bearing capacity is generally conducted under the assumption of plane strain. However, the damage of rectangular foundation usually presents obvious three-dimensional (3D) effect. This article considers this 3D effect, which, for the first time, provides a theoretical framework for assessing the bearing capacity of rectangular foundations placed on rock slopes under seismic condition. In order to apply the kinematic method of limit analysis, a new 3D kinematically admissible collapse mechanism is first constructed. Owing to the point-to-point discretized technique, this 3D mechanism can avoid complex surface integration and effectively reduce spatial coordinate iterative calculations while maintaining high accuracy. The pseudo-static method is adopted to simulate the effects of earthquakes. Generalized multi‑tangential technique is employed to derive the Mohr-Coulomb constants from Hoek-Brown criterion. The comparison between the present results and results of previous literatures proves the validity of the theoretical framework in this paper. Shape factor and reduction factor are introduced in the parametric study, showing that the 3D effect is more obvious when the rectangular foundation aspect ratio is reduced. As the rectangular foundation location moves away from the slope, its bearing capacity gradually converges towards that of the horizontal foundation. The critical collapse mechanism is also explored, demonstrating that the collapse extent expands with increasing internal friction angle of the rock.

Effect of acid-etching 3D printed Ti templates on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Mg alloy scaffolds with different pore geometries

Segmental bone defect repair currently remains a major challenge in orthopedic clinics. In this study, to match different implantation positions, different pore geometries (P, G and Do) of Mg alloy scaffolds were designed and prepared by infiltration casting with the acid-etching treated Ti scaffold as the templates. The results showed that the acid-etching treatment for Ti templates resulted in a smoother surface of the Mg alloy scaffolds with improving the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Both experiments and simulations showed that the P scaffold had the highest mechanical properties, with yield strength and elastic modulus up to 26.7±2.1 MPa and 327.1±16.2 MPa, respectively. And the P scaffold had the best corrosion resistance after cleaning the Ti template, with a degradation rate of 0.34±0.17 mm/y at 228 h. In vitro cellular experiments showed good cytocompatibility on the surface of all three scaffolds.

Quasi-steady aerodynamic theory under-predicts glide performance in flying snakes.

Flying snakes (genus Chrysopelea) glide without the use of wings. Instead, they splay their ribs and undulate through the air. A snake's ability to glide depends on how well its morphing wing-body produces lift and drag forces. However, previous kinematics experiments under-resolved the body, making it impossible to estimate the aerodynamic load on the animal or to quantify the different wing configurations throughout the glide. Here, we present new kinematic analyses of a previous glide experiment, and use the results to test a theoretical model of flying snake aerodynamics using previously measured lift and drag coefficients to estimate the aerodynamic forces. This analysis is enabled by new measurements of the center of mass motion based on experimental data. We found that quasi-steady aerodynamic theory under-predicts lift by 35% and over-predicts drag by 40%. We also quantified the relative spacing of the body as the snake translates through the air. In steep glides, the body is generally not positioned to experience tandem effects from wake interaction during the glide. These results suggest that unsteady 3D effects, with appreciable force enhancement, are important for snake flight. Future work can use the kinematics data presented herein to form test conditions for physical modeling, as well as computational studies to understand unsteady fluid dynamics effects on snake flight.

Unexpected and Synergistical Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid and TGF-β2 on Biological Aspects of 2D and 3D Cultured ARPE19 Cells.

Objectives: To study the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on TGF-β2-induced effects of human retinal pigment epithelium cells under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Methods: Two-dimensionally (2D) and three-dimensionally (3D) cultured ARPE19 cells were subjected to cellular functional analyses by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and an extracellular flux assay (2D), measurement of levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), gene expression analyses of COL1, αSMA, Zo-1, HIF1α, and PGC1α (2D), and physical property analyses (3D). Results: Under a normoxia condition, treatment with 100 nM ATRA substantially decreased barrier function regardless of the presence of 5 ng/mL TGF-β2 in 2D ARPE19 monolayer cells. Under a hypoxia condition, treatment with ATRA conversely increased barrier function, but the effect was masked by a marked increase in effects induced by TGF-β2. Although ATRA alone did not affect cellular metabolism and ROS levels in 2D ARPE cells, treatment with ATRA under a hypoxia condition did not affect ROS levels but shifted cellular metabolism from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis. The changes of cellular metabolism and ROS levels were more pronounced with treatment of both ATRA and TGF-β2 independently of oxygen conditions. Changes in mRNA expressions of some of the above genes suggested the involvement of synergistical regulation of cellular functions by TGF-β2 and hypoxia. In 3D ARPE spheroids, the size was decreased and the stiffness was increased by either treatment with TGF-β2 or ATRA, but these changes were unexpectedly modulated by both ATRA and TGF-β2 treatment regardless of oxygen conditions. Conclusions: The findings reported herein indicate that TGF-β2 and hypoxia synergistically and differentially induce effects in 2D and 3D cultured ARPE19 cells and that their cellular properties are significantly altered by the presence of ATRA.

Computational modeling of three-dimensional slope reinforcement by anchor cable micropile group considering coordinated deformation

The application of anchor cable micropile group (ACMPG) in small and medium-sized slope support is gradually widespread. However, the coordination deformation of the structure and the resistance of the soil in front of the piles are less considered in the existing calculation models. Therefore, based on the load transfer approach and according to the structural characteristics of the ACMPG, the calculation method was provided for the resistance of the soil in front of the pile and the tension of the anchor after deformation. And the equations for calculating the resistance of the ACMPG were established. Based on the method of upper bound limit analysis, the display equation had been established for the safety factor of reinforcing the 3D slope of the structure. And finite element models were developed to validate the theoretical model. Finally, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of slope angle, soil friction angles, location, 3D effects, on the slope safety factor and the support effect of piles and anchor cables supporting the structure. The results showed that the theory proposed in this paper can accurately calculate the safety factor of slopes, which is helpful for the design and construction of slope reinforcement.

Three-Dimensional Nonlocal Thermodynamic Equilibrium Abundance Analyses of Late-Type Stars

The chemical compositions of stars encode the history of the universe and are thus fundamental for advancing our knowledge of astrophysics and cosmology. However, measurements of elemental abundance ratios, and our interpretations of them, strongly depend on the physical assumptions that dictate the generation of synthetic stellar spectra. Three-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic (3D RHD) box-in-a-star simulations of stellar atmospheres offer a more realistic representation of surface convection occurring in late-type stars than do traditional one-dimensional (1D) hydrostatic models. As evident from a multitude of observational tests, the coupling of 3D RHD models with line formation in nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) today provides a solid foundation for abundance analysis for many elements. This review describes the ongoing and transformational work to advance the state of the art and replace 1D LTE spectrum synthesis with its 3D non-LTE counterpart. In summary: ▪3D and non-LTE effects are intricately coupled, and consistent modeling thereof is necessary for high-precision abundances; such modeling is currently feasible for individual elements in large surveys. Mean 3D (〈3D〉) models are not adequate as substitutes.▪The solar abundance debate is presently dominated by choices and systematic uncertainties that are not specific to 3D non-LTE modeling.▪3D non-LTE abundance corrections have a profound impact on our understanding of FGK-type stars, exoplanets, and the nucleosynthetic origins of the elements.

Horseshoes and spiral waves: capturing the 3D flow induced by a low-mass planet analytically

ABSTRACT The key difficulty faced by 2D models for planet–disc interaction is in appropriately accounting for the impact of the disc’s vertical structure on the dynamics. 3D effects are often mimicked via softening of the planet’s potential; however, the planet-induced flow and torques often depend strongly on the choice of softening length. We show that for a linear adiabatic flow perturbing a vertically isothermal disc, there is a particular vertical average of the 3D equations of motion that exactly reproduces 2D fluid equations for arbitrary adiabatic index. There is a strong connection here with the Lubow–Pringle 2D mode of the disc. Correspondingly, we find a simple, general prescription for the consistent treatment of planetary potentials embedded within ‘2D’ discs. The flow induced by a low-mass planet involves large-scale excited spiral density waves that transport angular momentum radially away from the planet and ‘horseshoe streamlines’ within the coorbital region. We derive simple linear equations governing the flow that locally capture both effects faithfully simultaneously. We present an accurate coorbital flow solution allowing for inexpensive future study of corotation torques, and predict the vertical structure of the coorbital flow and horseshoe region width for different values of adiabatic index, as well as the vertical dependence of the initial shock location. We find strong agreement with the flow computed in 3D numerical simulations, and with 3D one-sided Lindblad torque estimates, which are a factor of 2–3 lower than values from previous 2D simulations.

Effect of three-dimensionality of turbulence on the along-wind loads of square cross-sectional structures

The existing theories for along-wind loads on slender structures, based on the “strip assumption” overlook the three-dimensionality of turbulence. However, numerous experimental phenomena contradicting the “strip assumption” highlight the need to consider the effects of three-dimensional turbulence (3D effect). This study develops an analysis model that considers the three-dimensionality of turbulence and derives a function containing the section-shape-dependent characteristic parameters to represent the 3D effect. A method for identifying the parameters through a wind tunnel test is proposed to solve this function. The parameters for the square cross section are then identified in two different turbulence fields, revealing that the identification parameters of both cases are nearly identical. This similarity indicates that the parameters are independent of the turbulence validating the proposed theories. Finally, the 3D effect on square cross-sectional structures with different aspect ratios under various turbulence integral scales is analyzed. The results showed that as the ratio of the turbulence integral scale to the windward width of the structures increases, the 3D effect reduces, but the rate of reduction slows down. In addition, increasing the aspect ratios of structures further mitigates the 3D effect, enhancing the accuracy of the “strip assumption.” These results can be a reference for evaluating the accuracy of the “strip assumption” theory for square cross-sectional high-rise buildings in atmospheric boundary layer turbulence. The proposed method can be applied to investigate the 3D effect on along-wind loads of slender structures with various cross-sectional shapes.

Accuracy and scalability of incompressible inductionless MHD codes applied to fusion technologies

Abstract It is well-known that magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) dominates the dynamic of the liquid metal flows inside the breeding blankets (BB) of future nuclear fusion plants by magnetic confinement. MHD is a multiphysics phenomenon involving both electromagnetism and incompressible fluid mechanics. From the computational point of view, the simulation of MHD flows in fusion relevant conditions entails a significant challenge. Indeed, due to the shape of the induced electrical currents inside the bulk of the fluid, high spatial resolutions are needed to capture the large gradients found in boundary layers and 3D effects. Besides, solving the equations accurately typically requires very small time steps for the transient algorithms. Over the past few decades, some parallel MHD codes have been developed with success to simulate complex flows in increasingly realistic geometries. Among them, the MHD tools of commercial CFD platforms have attracted attention due to their relatively soft learning curve. Most of these codes are based on the so called ϕ-formulation which, by applying the divergence free condition of the current density to the Ohms law, reduces the electromagnetic part of the problem to a single Poisson equation. As a downside, the approach segregates the fluid and electromagnetic problem. In practice, this establishes important limits to the mesh element size, to the mesh quality and to the time-step needed to obtain accurate and stable solutions that maintains charge conservation at a discrete level. In this work, these limits are explored for the commercial platform ANSYS-Fluent using a test geometry under different conditions. As an alternative, a new code based on Finite Element Methods (FEM) is introduced as well. This open-source code, called GridapMHD (https://github.com/gridapapps/GridapMHD.jl), aims at solving the full set of MHD equations using a monolithic approach. GridapMHD is still in early stages of development but it has already shown promising results.

Tribo-Dynamic-Wear coupling analysis for Water-lubricated Bearings with journal surface imperfection under repeated start-stop cycles

Water-lubricated Bearings (WLBs) are the core transmission components of a ship propulsion system, and their wear behavior primarily occurs during the starting and stopping states. To characterize the wear behavior of WLBs, an equivalent experiment is conducted on bush material to obtain the relationship between dimensionless wear coefficient and sliding distance based on the Archard wear model. Then, an experimentally determined transient wear model is incorporated into a tribo-dynamic model to develop a fully coupled Tribo-Dynamic-Wear (TDW) model for the WLBs during repeated start-stop cycles. In this model, the 3D thermal effect, the transient bush worn surface and the geometric imperfection of the journal surface are considered. Numerical results show that the wear rate is more significant at the beginning of the start-up state and the end of the stopping state of the WLB. Meanwhile, it is found that compared to a perfect journal, a reasonable undulation number and undulated amplitude of the journal surface can improve the wear resistance performance of WLBs during repeated start-stop cycles. More specifically, a relatively lower undulation number leads to a smaller wear volume than the perfect journal, and the undulated journal surface has an optimal undulated amplitude that minimizes the wear volume.

Effectiveness of 3D printing technology-assisted neuroendoscopic surgery for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in primary hospitals

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the clinical effectiveness of integrating 3D-printing technology with neuroendoscopy for treating hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). MethodsBetween November 2020 and November 2023, a total of 105 HICH cases were selected and categorized into the conventional surgery group and the neuroendoscopic surgery. General data, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), National institutes of health neurological impairment score (NIHSS), preoperative hematoma volume, intracerebral parenchymal and intraventricular hematoma (IVH) clearance rates, Modified Graeb Scale (mGS), postoperative rebleeding rate, intracranial infection, and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were collected to assess the therapeutic effectiveness. ResultsThere were no significant statistical differences in gender, age, preoperative GCS scores, NIHSS or hematoma volume between the neuroendoscopic surgery and conventional surgery group. The postoperative results indicated that the clearance rate of intracerebral parenchymal and IVH in neuroendoscopic surgery group was notably higher than the conventional surgery group. The neuroendoscopic surgery group achieved superior outcomes in terms of bone flap area, operation time, extubation time, and average hospital stay compared to the conventional surgery group (P < 0.05). Following a 3-month follow-up, there was no significant difference in the mRS and NIHSS between the two groups. However, when the patients with IVH (mGS≥10) indicated better postoperative outcomes in the neuroendoscopic surgery group (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe integration of neuroendoscopic minimally invasive surgery with 3D-printing technology for treating HICH demonstrated high efficacy for removing intracerebral and IVH. This approach incurred less trauma compared to traditional craniectomy surgery, affording shortened surgical and hospitalization durations. Consequently, it appears to be a highly efficacious method for treating HICH, particularly in cases involving IVH.

Shoulder of Dust Rings Formed by Planet–Disk Interactions

Recent analyses of millimeter-wavelength protoplanetary disk observations have revealed several emission excesses on the previously identified dust rings, referred to as dust shoulders. The prevalence of dust shoulders suggests that they trace a common but unclear mechanism. In this work, we combine 3D, multifluid hydrodynamic simulations with radiative transfer calculations to explain the formation of dust shoulders. We find that the ring-shoulder pairs can result from the 3D planet–disk interactions with massive, gap-opening planets. The key driver is the dust filtration effect at the local pressure maximum due to planet-driven outward gas flows. Our work provides a possible explanation for the outer dust shoulders in recent super-resolution analyses of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations. It also provides insights into the formation of the inner dust shoulder in the PDS 70 disk and highlights the role of 3D effects in planet–disk interaction studies.

Dynamics of turbulent natural convection in a cubic cavity with centrally placed partially heated inner obstacle

Natural convection in a cavity with a partially heated obstacle at the center at the Rayleigh number Ra=1.46×109 is investigated using large eddy simulation (LES). The standard and dynamic Smagorinsky models, as well as the wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity model, are used for the subgrid scales, and the flow statistics are compared with recent experiments. The LES results obtained with different meshes show overall good agreement with the experiments as concerns the flow and heat transfer. Simulation with a non-ideal wall at the adiabatic side of the obstacle is also performed to explain the residual discrepancies observed in the unheated channel. Additional simulations performed with periodic conditions in the spanwise direction are very different from the full three-dimensional (3D) simulations, which demonstrate the significance of 3D effects in the cavity. In particular, periodic simulations show Tollmien–Schlichting kind waves in the transitional region, while the 3D cavity shows an early cross-flow transition to turbulence.