3D Display System Research Articles

Optimizing a living kidney donation program: transition to hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic living donor nephrectomy and introduction of a passive polarizing three-dimensional display system.

Optimizing a living kidney donation program is important to guarantee a high grade of acceptance among potential donors. Hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy (HARP) is an alternative to the open anterior approach (AA) technique. Problems associated to the learning curve could hinder a transition. 3D display technique seems to ease minimally invasive surgery. Aim of this study was to evaluate the learning curve during the transition from AA to HARP and the influence of the 3D display system on the established technique. Observational study (n=207) during transition to HARP and introduction of 3D display technique. Operation time (OT), warm ischemia time (WIT) and blood loss (BL) of HARP decreased during transition. Pairwise group comparison for OT showed a significant learning effect for the first 30 out of 50 HARPs without influence on graft function. Between AA and HARP no significant difference in OT (133±24 vs. 127±19min, p=0.25) but for WIT (23±28 vs. 126±40s, p<0.005) and BL (328±207 vs. 54±35ml, p<0.005) was seen. There was neither a significant difference in donors' nor recipients' eGFR. OT (98±16 vs. 106±19min, p=0.036) and WIT (97±37 vs. 120±57s, p=0.023) were significantly shorter for the 3D technique compared to 2D. A transition to HARP is possible without additional risk for the donor or loss of quality for the recipient. The learning curve for HARP is steep and short. The introduction of 3D display technique after transition facilitates the surgical preparation and could further help to optimize HARP.

Automultiscopic displays based on orbital angular momentum of light

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has drawn increasing attention due to its intriguingly rich physics and potential for a variety of applications. Having an unbounded set of orthogonal states, OAM has been used to enhance the channel capacity of data transmission. We propose and demonstrate the viability of using OAM to create an automultiscopic 3D display. Multi-view image information is encoded using an OAM beam array, then sorted into different view directions using coordinate transformation elements. A three-view demonstration was achieved to encode and decode 9 × 9 pixel images. These demonstrations suggest that OAM could potentially serve as an additional platform for future 3D display systems.

Effects of high-pressure cutting fluid with different jetting paths on tool wear in cutting compacted graphite iron

Compacted graphite iron (CGI) is one of the structural materials of internal combustion engines. CGI is very difficult to fabricate by machining. In this paper, on the one hand, dry cutting and cutting fluid with different fluid pressures (pouring, 3–6MPa) are used in machining of CGI to investigate the effects of fluid pressure on tool wear at different cutting speeds (100–300m/min). On the other hand, cutting fluid is jetted in different directions (along rake face and flank face of cutting tool) to investigate jetting path's influences on the wears in the rake face and flank face of cutting tool. Wear morphologies of the cutting tool are analyzed with a 3D display system and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wear-reducing effect of the high-pressure (6MPa) cutting fluid is compared with those in the dry cutting, pouring fluid cutting, and low-pressure fluid cutting (3MPa). Influences of fluid pressure variation on cooling and lubricant of cutting fluid in machining are discussed in the final. Results show that the high-pressure cutting fluid has excellent effect on reducing tool wear for both jetting along flank face and rake face of cutting tool. The wear-reducing of cutting tool will be more obvious with the increase of the fluid pressure. Compared with the jetting along rake face, the cutting fluid jetting along flank face can more effectively reduce flank wear. Wear-reducing effect of high-pressure cutting fluid at higher cutting speed is more remarkable than that at lower cutting speed. Crater wear is the main mode on rake face and adhesive and abrasive wear on flank face due to high cutting temperature and hard particles in CGI. The high penetration ability which increases workpiece-coolant contact area and the high convective heat transfer coefficient due to forced heat convection process of the high-pressure cutting fluid enhances its cooling and lubrication effect in machining.

Improvement of Image Quality of 3D Display by Using Optimized Binary Phase Modulation and Intensity Accumulation

To improve the reconstructed image quality in a 3D display system using binary phase modulator, we propose two successive methods that are a modified iterative Fresnel algorithm for designing the binary phase pattern and the intensity addition for the speckle reduction. Numerical and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods by increasing the number of iteration for optimizing the binary phase distribution and the number of intensity addition.

73-1: Design and Implementation of Landscape/Portrait Mode Convertible Light-Field 3D Display

This research aims at designing and realizing a 3D display system which allows the viewers to see 3D images in both landscape and portrait modes of the display. In this paper, we define 3D characteristics for landscape and portrait modes using the lens pitch and slanted angle. And we find adequate design parameters for the 3D display compatible to both the landscape mode and the portrait modes. Finally, we consider moire effect and find the condition where no more artifact happens by simulation of convolution of the panel and the optical components in the frequency domain. In this research, we made the actual 3D display system through the light field 3D Reconstruction method where 3D images clearly observable in both landscape and portrait modes.

Viewing zone duplication of multi-projection 3D display system using uniaxial crystal.

We propose a novel multiplexing technique for increasing the viewing zone of a multi-view based multi-projection 3D display system by employing double refraction in uniaxial crystal. When linearly polarized images from projector pass through the uniaxial crystal, two possible optical paths exist according to the polarization states of image. Therefore, the optical paths of the image could be changed, and the viewing zone is shifted in a lateral direction. The polarization modulation of the image from a single projection unit enables us to generate two viewing zones at different positions. For realizing full-color images at each viewing zone, a polarization-based temporal multiplexing technique is adopted with a conventional polarization switching device of liquid crystal (LC) display. Through experiments, a prototype of a ten-view multi-projection 3D display system presenting full-colored view images is implemented by combining five laser scanning projectors, an optically clear calcite (CaCO3) crystal, and an LC polarization rotator. For each time sequence of temporal multiplexing, the luminance distribution of the proposed system is measured and analyzed.

A Plan to Provide Effective Risk Map Information by Linking a 3D Disaster Information Display System with an On-site Assistance Application

The increase in frequency and scale of natural disasters is the typical negative examples of the global climate change and the change of the human living environment in cities. The damage caused by natural disasters in particular including human and physical damage is directly linked to the safety and properties of citizens. Besides, the damage may occur to SOC facilities directly or indirectly. The SOC facilities damaged by disasters cause infringement of citizens safety rights. Therefore, a plan to provide prompt and effective risk map information by linking a 3D disaster information display system, which handles the information of the damage that may occur to SOC facilities such as bridges, beams, and dams at the time of disasters, with an on-site assistance application is suggested in this study. The prompt provision of risk map information is defined as a dynamic expression technology in this study. Also, disaster information is processed and compressed with a module developed to be linked organically to a system that displays disaster information, a proliferation system that can use the information on site, and a DB system that constructs a relationship with the information. Based on the module, the effective disaster information compression plan will be prepared, and the prompt information transmission system will be secured in the future.

An approach to 3D model fusion in GIS systems and its application in a future ECDIS

Three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics technology is widely used in various areas and causes profound changes. As an information carrier, 3D models are becoming increasingly important. The use of 3D models greatly helps to improve the cartographic expression and design. 3D models are more visually efficient, quicker and easier to understand and they can express more detailed geographical information. However, it is hard to efficiently and precisely fuse 3D models in local systems.The purpose of this study is to propose an automatic and precise approach to fuse 3D models in geographic information systems (GIS). It is the basic premise for subsequent uses of 3D models in local systems, such as attribute searching, spatial analysis, and so on. The basic steps of our research are: (1) pose adjustment by principal component analysis (PCA); (2) silhouette extraction by simple mesh silhouette extraction and silhouette merger; (3) size adjustment; (4) position matching. Finally, we implement the above methods in our system Automotive Intelligent Chart (AIC) 3D Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS). The fusion approach we propose is a common method and each calculation step is carefully designed. This approach solves the problem of cross-platform model fusion. 3D models can be from any source. They may be stored in the local cache or retrieved from Internet, or may be manually created by different tools or automatically generated by different programs. The system can be any kind of 3D GIS system.

基于插值算法的立体显示的图像合成与嵌入式实现

基于插值算法的立体显示的图像合成与嵌入式实现

Augmented Reality 3D Displays With Micro Integral Imaging

In this paper, we present a 3D augmented reality micro integral imaging display system by combining conventional integral imaging and an augmented reality technique. Compared with conventional integral imaging, our proposed system has two advantages: 1) it provides 3D augmented reality display capability and 2) it has a compact design. To validate the feasibility of our proposed method, we experimented with a 3D scene and used two computer-generated objects for augmented reality. By combining the captured 2D elemental images of the 3D object and the computer generated virtual objects, we reconstruct 3D images for the augmented reality micro integral imaging display system. To the best of our knowledge, the first report on a video see through 3D augmented reality display has been experimentally demonstrated with a micro integral imaging display system. The proposed 3D system has potential to be applied to the head mounted display system due to its small form factor.

Defragmented image based autostereoscopic 3D displays with dynamic eye tracking

We studied defragmented image based autostereoscopic 3D displays with dynamic eye tracking. Specifically, we examined the impact of parallax barrier (PB) angular orientation on their image quality. The 3D display system required fine adjustment of PB angular orientation with respect to a display panel. This was critical for both image color balancing and minimizing image resolution mismatch between horizontal and vertical directions. For evaluating uniformity of image brightness, we applied optical ray tracing simulations. The simulations took effects of PB orientation misalignment into account. The simulation results were then compared with recorded experimental data. Our optimal simulated system produced significantly enhanced image uniformity at around sweet spots in viewing zones. However this was contradicted by real experimental results. We offer quantitative treatment of illuminance uniformity of view images to estimate misalignment of PB orientation, which could account for brightness non-uniformity observed experimentally.Our study also shows that slight imperfection in the adjustment of PB orientation due to practical restrictions of adjustment accuracy can induce substantial non-uniformity of view images’ brightness. We find that image brightness non-uniformity critically depends on misalignment of PB angular orientation, for example, as slight as ≤0.01° in our system. This reveals that reducing misalignment of PB angular orientation from the order of 10−2 to 10−3 degrees can greatly improve the brightness uniformity.

Parallax barrier engineering for image quality improvement in an autostereoscopic 3D display.

We present a image quality improvement in a parallax barrier (PB)-based multiview autostereoscopic 3D display system under a real-time tracking of positions of a viewer's eyes. The system presented exploits a parallax barrier engineered to offer significantly improved quality of three-dimensional images for a moving viewer without an eyewear under the dynamic eye tracking. The improved image quality includes enhanced uniformity of image brightness, reduced point crosstalk, and no pseudoscopic effects. We control the relative ratio between two parameters i.e., a pixel size and the aperture of a parallax barrier slit to improve uniformity of image brightness at a viewing zone. The eye tracking that monitors positions of a viewer's eyes enables pixel data control software to turn on only pixels for view images near the viewer's eyes (the other pixels turned off), thus reducing point crosstalk. The eye tracking combined software provides right images for the respective eyes, therefore producing no pseudoscopic effects at its zone boundaries. The viewing zone can be spanned over area larger than the central viewing zone offered by a conventional PB-based multiview autostereoscopic 3D display (no eye tracking). Our 3D display system also provides multiviews for motion parallax under eye tracking. More importantly, we demonstrate substantial reduction of point crosstalk of images at the viewing zone, its level being comparable to that of a commercialized eyewear-assisted 3D display system. The multiview autostereoscopic 3D display presented can greatly resolve the point crosstalk problem, which is one of the critical factors that make it difficult for previous technologies for a multiview autostereoscopic 3D display to replace an eyewear-assisted counterpart.

War Poems: A Transgression of Objective and Linear Imagery towards the Avant-garde in Animation

From a painter’s perspective, 3D stereo animation provides a fresh method of intensifying and isolating a pictorial space while conveying an illusion of a “real” notion of space and time. The resulting animated painting appears to share its physical space with the viewer. This paper describes the making of “Elysian Fields,” a 3D animated experimental short film that commemorates WWII. It aesthetically and philosophically examines the effect of the representational and abstract qualities of animation and their ability to convey a narrative. This paper will reflect on an art form that has resulted from cross?media exchanges between new media painting and stereoscopic 3D animation. The film’s extremely naturalistic figurative animation visually occupies a contradictory space in relation to the narratives told through surreal and abstract painting. Earlier abstract films by the author influenced the creation of the surreal war film and played a significant role in the structure of the narrative. Furthermore, Elysian Fields was adapted and calibrated for display on various 3D display systems, from large-scale immersive cinematic spaces to an immersive 320˚ theatre at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Ars Electronica’s Deep Space and gallery space installation. Winner of a number of accolades, including multiple “Best Animated 3D Short Film” awards, the film competed with another 56 films for the 86th Academy Awards Qualifying Screening Entry. (http://www.elysianfieldsfilm.com/)

Potential of a 3D Display System for Neurosurgical Simulation in Cadaveric Study

Objectives: Knowledge of three-dimensional (3D) surgical anatomy is important for preoperative simulation. Our Okayama University 3D Anatomy Project developed a 3D display system of cadavers, in cooperation with Panasonic, for use by medical students, residents, and health care providers. In this study, we report the performance of our 3D display system in a study of cadaveric heads and its potential in neurosurgery.

Highly Realistic 3D Display System for Space Composition Telecommunication

In this paper, we describe a highly realistic 3D display system that generates composites of current and remote places for telecommunication purposes. It uses a 3D projector and head tracking to display a person in a remote place as a life-size stereoscopic image against background scenery. Since it generates displayed images that correspond to the observer's viewing position, it reproduces well the fidelity of existence and the feel of materials. We also describe a simple, fast, and high quality background scenery generation method, the development of which was inspired by the visual effects of depth-fused 3D (DFD) displays, and applied to a single direction conceptual demonstration system. Our system is a promising means for achieving real-time communication between two different places in cases where a sense of reality is required.

금속 벨로우즈 용접의 결점 탐지를 위한 서포터 벡터 머신의 이용

기존 벨로우즈의 용접 불량은 현미경을 이용한 작업자의 수작업과 육안확인으로 진행되고 있어 효율과 능률면에서 많은 부작용이 있다. 본 논문에서 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자 서포트 벡터 머신을 이용한다. 제안된 시스템은 서포트 벡터 머신을 이용하여 작업자의 경험적인 방법을 대체하고, 이미지 처리 과정에서 작업자로부터 발생하는 불규칙성을 극복할 수 있다. 또한 현미경과 3D 디스플레이 시스템을 통하여 제품불량을 쉽게 확인할 수 있다. 자동화 측정 장치로부터 얻어진 실험결과를 통하여 용접불량은 허용되는 에러 범위 아래로 개선됐음을 알 수 있다. Typically welded bellows are checked with human eye and microscope, and then go through leakage test of gas. The proposed system alternates these heuristic techniques using support vector machines. Image procedures in the proposed method can cover the irregularity problem induced from human being. To get easy observation through microscope, 3D display system is also exploited. Experimental results from this automatic measurement show the welding detection is done within one tenth of permitted error range.

Fusing Multiscale Charts into 3D ENC Systems Based on Underwater Topography and Remote Sensing Image

The purpose of this study is to propose an approach to fuse multiscale charts into three-dimensional (3D) electronic navigational chart (ENC) systems based on underwater topography and remote sensing image. This is the first time that the fusion of multiscale standard ENCs in the 3D ENC system has been studied. First, a view-dependent visualization technology is presented for the determination of the display condition of a chart. Second, a map sheet processing method is described for dealing with the map sheet splice problem. A process order called “3D order” is designed to adapt to the characteristics of the chart. A map sheet clipping process is described to deal with the overlap between the adjacent map sheets. And our strategy for map sheet splice is proposed. Third, the rendering method for ENC objects in the 3D ENC system is introduced. Fourth, our picking-up method for ENC objects is proposed. Finally, we implement the above methods in our system: automotive intelligent chart (AIC) 3D electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS). And our method can handle the fusion problem well.

An Acquisition and Display Method for Multi-View 3D Models

Based on the technology of OpenGL and DirectX Wrapper, this paper designs and implements a new general method of data collection and display for the existing three-dimensional models using in multi-view 3D display system. Firstly, by using the technology of OpenGL/DirectX Wrapper, it obtains the application information such as the models, calls and associated data. Secondly, it sends the information to all rendering nodes. Then, according to the multi-view system projection array number and expected angle threshold parameter, each rendering node does the final adjustment and calibration on the obtained information sequentially for multi-view image rendering. Finally, each node transmits corresponding viewpoint image rendered by themselves to the projection equipment, and displays stereo images through 3D device synchronously. This method can be applied to all application programs based on OpenGL or DirectX Library. It is a general method for collecting and displaying multi-view 3D data sources. Experimental results show that this method is of high acquisition and rendering process, the image quality is the same as the source and stereoscopic displays strong. It has a wide range of applications and research value in the field of Engineering.

Depth-expression characteristics of multi-projection 3D display systems [invited

A multi-projection display consists of multiple projection units. Because of the large amount of data, a multi-projection system shows large, high-quality images. According to the projection geometry and the optical configuration, multi-projection systems show different viewing characteristics for generated three-dimensional images. In this paper, we analyzed the various projection geometries of multi-projection systems, and explained the different depth-expression characteristics for each individual projection geometry. We also demonstrated the depth-expression characteristic of an experimental multi-projection system.

View generation with DIBR for 3D display system

DIBR is a promising technology for rendering new views of scenes from a collection of densely sampled images or videos. It has potential application in virtual reality, immersive, advanced visualization, and 3D television systems. However, due to imperfect depth maps and the illumination difference between reference images, annoying artifacts appear in the rendering image. To generate high-quality intermediate virtual viewpoint image, this paper proposes a novel virtual view rendering method based on DIBR. The proposed method consists of four main parts: luminance compensation based on histogram matching, isolated depth pixel removing, 3D warping with depth-based pixel interpolation, and background-based hole filling. Experimental results show that our method can obtain high-quality virtual view images and achieve satisfactory subjective visual effects.