Temperature Of 50oC Research Articles

Kariya Biodiesel Process Optimization Using Kariya Pod-husks Bio-catalyzed

In this study, biodiesel was produced from underutilized kariya oilseed using ethanol in the presence of kariya pod-husks bio-catalyst. The oil used was extracted through the soxhlet solvent extraction approach. Transesterification of kariya seed oil was investigated using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response surface methodology. Process factors such as reaction temperature (65, 70, and 85oC), reaction time (2, 3, and 4 h), and ethanol/kariya oil molar ratio (8:1, 10:1, and 12:1) were modeled based on CCD experimental design. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced, and its blends with petrol-diesel were determined. The average yield of extracted kariya oil was 32.55 wt. %. Based on the results, biodiesel yield of 94.41 wt.% was obtained at optimal conditions; a temperature of 75oC, time of 2 h, and ethanol: oil mole ratio of 10:1 at catalyst loading of 5 wt.%. The physicochemical and fuel properties of produced biodiesel and its blend were well within American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) standard and compared favorably with petrol-diesel.

P-183 Effect of oxygen levels, temperature, and interruptive evaluation practices during embryo culture on embryo developmental arrest. A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Abstract Study question Do different culture conditions and practices, regarding oxygen levels, temperature, and culture interruption for evaluation purposes, effect embryo developmental arrest? Summary answer Ultra-low oxygen levels at 2-3.5%, a temperature below 37oC, and more than one interruption during culture are associated with a higher developmental arrest rate. What is known already Literature indicates that embryo culture microenvironment differs among laboratories. According to data, oxygen levels range between 2%-20%, while the optimal temperature during embryo culture, ranging from 36oC-37oC, has not yet been validated. What is more, interrupting embryo culture to evaluate morphology disrupts the stable conditions of the incubator’s microenvironment, while various models of interruptive evaluation practices have been reported on time-points and assessment frequency. Data are lacking on the extent that oxygen levels, temperature and morphology evaluation practices affect the embryos’ developmental potential. Interestingly, reporting on optimal culture conditions and embryo evaluation practices still appears to be timely and essential. Study design, size, duration A systematic search of the literature was performed in Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Library up to October 2021. Seventeen published prospective studies were included in the three arms of this network meta-analysis. The outcome measure was developmental arrest rate prior to the blastocyst stage. To rank oxygen levels and interruption times, the P-Score was employed. Molecular pathways implicated in developmental arrest associated with each examined parameter were investigated as part of the systematic review. Participants/materials, setting, methods A network meta-analysis was performed regarding oxygen levels, temperature, and culture interruption practices for evaluation purposes. The population consisted of preimplantation embryos. Atmospheric conditions (20% O2), low-oxygen levels (5% O2) and ultra-low oxygen levels (2-3.5% O2), along with temperature below or at 37oC were compared. Finally, no interruptions (time-lapse microscopy), one interruption (fertilization evaluation), 2 and 3 interruptions for morphological evaluation were compared. The estimated network effect comprises of direct and indirect effects. Main results and the role of chance Eight studies reporting on the effect of different oxygen levels, presented with high heterogeneity I2=88%. No statistically significant difference was observed between atmospheric and low-oxygen level regarding arrest rate (RR:1.07; 95%CI:0.88-1.30). A significantly higher developmental arrest rate was observed in ultra-low oxygen levels versus low (RR:1.29; 95%CI:1.02-1.64). No statistically significant difference was observed between ultra-low oxygen levels and atmospheric conditions (RR:1.21; 95%CI:0.89-1.63). The optimal oxygen levels are low (P-Score=0.87), followed by atmospheric conditions (P-Score=0.57) and ultra-low (P-Score=0.06). Three studies reporting on the effect of different temperatures presented with low heterogeneity I2=30%. Temperature below 37oC presented with a statistically significant higher developmental arrest rate (RR:1.10; 95%CI:1.03-1.17). Six studies reporting on the effect of interruptive evaluation practices showed high heterogeneity I2=84%. Uninterrupted culture presented with no statistically significant difference with the other groups (1-interruption vs Uninterrupted: RR:0.93; 95%CI:0.78-1.12; 2-interruptions vs Uninterrupted: RR:1.08; 95%CI:0.91-1.28; 3-interruptions vs Uninterrupted: RR:1.11; 95%CI:0.92-1.34). A single-interruption presented with marginally no statistically significant difference when compared to two-interruptions (RR:0.87; 95%CI:0.74-1.02), however presented with a lower developmental arrest rate when compared to three-interruptions (RR:0.84; 95%CI:0.71-0.99). Two versus three-interruptions indicated no difference (RR:0.97; 95%CI:0.82-1.14). The optimal interruptive evaluation practice is one (P-Score=0.90) followed by uninterrupted (P-Score=0.63), two-interruptions (P-Score=0.30) and three-interruptions (P-Score=0.16). Limitations, reasons for caution The limited number of studies included and the heterogeneity are limitations of this study. The different number of studies and embryos included in each comparison group, along with the fact that randomization was not performed in all studies, present as reasons for caution when interpreting the results of this study. Wider implications of the findings Oxygen levels at 5%, 37oC temperature, and single or no-interruption embryo evaluation practices reduce developmental arrest rate. This systematic review indicates potential pathways implicated in developmental arrest as follows: oxygen tension influencing histone modifications, temperature influencing regulatory proteins’ activity, and stress-related cytokines’ differential expression when culture is interrupted multiple times. Trial registration number Not applicable

Isolasi Bakteri Selulolitik Asal Saluran Pencernaan Rayap Dan Daya Hidupnya Pada Berbagai Substrak Yang Berasal Dari Limbah Pertanian Dan Perkebunan

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify isolates that produce cellulase enzymes derived from cellulolytic bacteria from the digestive tract of termites and to determine the best type of substrate as the carrier and survival of these isolates. This research consists of 3 (three) stages. The first stage of research was the isolation of cellulolytic bacteria using descriptive data analysis. The second stage of research was to determine the best carrier for selected cellulolytic isolates, while the third stage was to determine the shelf life of the isolates with the selected substrate as the best carrier by analyzing data using analysis of variance. The results of the first phase of research obtained 3 isolates of cellulolytic bacteria from the best termite digestive tract based on the clear zone index test with isolate code VR52, VR61 and VR81 with clear zone index for each isolate 1.087; 2,250 and 1,710 mm. Based on Gram staining, the three isolates were gram-positive bacteria in the form of bacilli. Maximum enzyme activity in isolate VR61 (Bacillus sp) with its enzyme activity (19.91 µ/mL). The results of the second stage study showed that rice bran was the best sAubstrate based on total microbes with a value of 202 x 109 CFU / g. The results of the third stage research showed that the number of cellulolytic bacteria in the selected sub-extract (rice bran) at a storage temperature of 4oC (178.92 x 109 CFU / gr) was more than that of storage at 27oC (101.69 x 109 CFU / gr). This research concludes that the longer the storage time shows a decrease in the number of bacteria and pH in the sub-extract. The best interaction on rice bran sub-extract as a carrier at a storage temperature of 4oC in the second week with the number of cellulolytic bacteria 197.8 x 109 CFU / gr with a pH value of 6.46 and the fourth week of 167.85 x 109 CFU / gr with a pH value of 6.39. Keywords: Cellulose, Cellulolytic Bacteria, Termites

Nine Channels Temperature Data Logger Design for Dry Sterilizer Calibration

In the process of sterilizing medical devices, a sterilizer that is able to produce an accurate and even temperature is needed. If the resulting temperature is not in accordance with the regulated temperature and is not evenly distributed, it will be fatal/damage to the material sterilized. Periodic calibration should be applied to the sterilizer to monitor its function. Based on the research that has been done, no one has done research on making a temperature data logger with 9 channels to calibrate the sterilizer. This study aims to design a temperature measuring device with 9 sensors that can measure simultaneously, so that the accuracy and the distribution of the temperature of a sterlisator can be obtained. This tool used a K thermocouple-type temperature sensor which will detect the temperature and further enters the analog signal conditioning circuit. This then enters the ATMegga 2560 which has been programmed and processed in such a way, leading to the display of the temperature on the 4x20 character LCD. Temperature measurement data will be further stored to SD Card every 10 seconds in the form of a txt file. Tests were carried out on sterilizers, continued by comparison with the Madgetech OctTemp2000 data logger. Based on the measurement and comparison data, the average error was obtained at a temperature of 50ºC with the smallest error value of 0.7% and the largest error value of 3.9%. At a temperature of 100ºC, the smallest error value is 1.6% and the largest error value is 10.5%. Furthermore, at a temperature of 120ºC, the smallest error value is 0.0% and the largest error value is 8.5%. The module resulting from this research is stable in response to temperature by looking at the very small uncertainty value. This research can be further used to help analyze the temperature distribution in a sterilizer. With these measurement results, this study is considered having a fairly high error value at several measurement points.

Tolerance of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in patients with reported taxane reactions

Tolerance of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in patients with reported taxane reactions

Kinetic modelling on oxalic acid production from candlenut shell through alkaline hydrolysis

The kinetic reaction of alkaline hydrolysis of candlenut shells to produce oxalic acid was investigated. It was performed for the non-catalyzed solid-liquid heterogeneous reaction in a range time of 30 to 90 minutes and temperature of 60oC to 90oC. This study showed that the reaction fitted the pseudo-first-order model, confirmed from the determinant coefficient value of 0.9182 to 0.9751, and the kinetic constant, evaluated using Arrhenius' law, was k= 0.034751 e^(-140.23⁄T). The rate control mechanism based on the shrinking core model was diffusion control, validated from determinant coefficient near one, from 0.9246 to 0.9766.

Microbiological and Sensory Profile of Collagen Supplied Milk with Pretreatment and Pulsed Electric Field Pasteurization Process

Collagen-supplemented milk products are susceptible to damage due to high-temperature processing Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pasteurization is carried out with a pretreatment temperature of <65oC to maintain quality. This study aims to determine the total microbe, the level of microbial decline and the intensity of the sensory profile of milk supplemented with collagen by pretreatment in the PEF pasteurization process. This study used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern of 2 factors and 3 replications, the first factor was the pretreatment temperature (30, 45 and 60oC), and the second factor was the pretreatment time (10, 20, 30 minutes) which was then pasteurized using the PEF method with a voltage of 15 kv/cm for 120 seconds. Furthermore, these 9 treatments were compared with PEF pasteurized milk without pretreatment and Low Temperature Long Time / LTLT pasteurized milk (pasteurized at 65oC for 30 minutes). The results showed that pretreatment with a temperature of 60oC for 20 and 30 minutes resulted in a total microbial count of 3.406±0.19 CFU/mL and 3.395±0.146 log CFU/mL, respectively. The average total microbe of milk supplemented with collagen in the combination of PEF pasteurization with pretreatment is smaller than the pretreatment process alone with a value below the SNI standard so it is safe for consumption. The average microbial decrease was 2.88 log cycles and was not significantly different (P<0.05) with LTLT thermal pasteurization. The results of the sensory profile intensity test showed that the pretreatment with a temperature of 60oC for 10, 20 and 30 minutes had a sensory profile value that was closest to LTLT pasteurization on the attributes of fishy aroma, milk aroma, and milk taste.

Optimization of extraction conditions for anthocyanin from Hibiscus rosasinensis and its characterisation by Chromatography techniques

The present study was conducted to identify the better extraction conditions for anthocyanin from fresh and dry petals of hibiscus with potent antioxidant activity and polyphenol content. The variables used in this study are solvents (aqueous, ethanol, methanol and each added with acidified agents (1% citric acid, 0.1% HCl and 1% acetic acid), temperatures (40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, 70 ºC and 80 ºC), steeping time (interval viz., 60min, 90min, 120 min, 150min, 180min and 210min and pH (1-9). The study revealed that the anthocyanin content was higher for fresh petals of hibiscus extracted with test solvent methanol acidified with 0.1% HCl with the mean and standard error values of 167.69±0.41 mg CAG/100g. From the results, the optimized condition for anthocyanin extraction chosen was at the temperature of 60ºC for 120min at pH of 3-3.5. However, for the food uses, fresh petals extracted with ethanol (acidified with 1% citric acid) was recommended. Their yield at optimized extraction condition was found to be 156.25 ± 0.13 mg CAG/100g with the total phenolic content of 4965.83±1.19 (mg./100g) and 75.33±0.33% antioxidant activity. The F-values for each response implied high significance of the fittest models. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Paper Chromatography (PC) chromatograms predicted that the major types of anthocyanin present in hibiscus petals were cyanidin and delphinidin.

TEST OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY FROM THE COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF WARU (HIBUSCUSTILIACEUS L.) LEAVES AND LEAF RED PUCUK (SYZYGIUM OLEANA) AGAINST SALMONELLA THYPI ON 2021

The research in this paper aims to determine the effectiveness of immunostimulants from ethanol extract of coffee parasite leaves (Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb) with four variants of doses of 50mg / kgBB, 100mg / kgBB, 200mg / kgBB, 400mg / kgBB. This study used 18 male white rats with 200 gram BB which were divided into 6 treatment groups. Rats were injected with 0.1ml SDMS 1% for 7 consecutive days intraperitoneal, then on the 7th day each blood sample was taken through veins in the tail, CMC Na 0.5% suspension, and Levamisole suspension 50mg / kgBB as a positive control was administered orally on the 8th day. Then blood samples were collected in a micro tube and then 1900rpm was centrifuged at a temperature of 4oC for 10 minutes. The results of the study of ethanol extract of coffee parasite leaves proved effective as immunostimulants because they have a value close to positive control, starting from a dose of 200mg / kgBB to 400mg / kgBB.

Development of a forced convection electric fish drying machine

A forced convection electric fish dryer was developed in this study to provide an efficient means of drying fish in urban and rural areas and serve as a substitute for the largely inefficient local means of drying fish. The machine was designed to accommodate 126 kg of fish distributed accordingly within the drying chamber. Six flat electric coils of 3 kW capacity each and a fan blower were provided to induce a saturating forced convective current within the drying chamber. The machine was evaluated at a drying temperature of 60oC with a total of 126 kg catfish, 21 kg on each tray. The result showed that percentage moisture contents of 81.8%, 72.7%, 62.7%, 54.1%, 47.7%, and 40.9 % were evaporated from the fish on the sixth to the first tray respectively in one hour. The mean percentage of moisture evaporated from all the trays was 60 %.

Effect of Hydrolysis Parameters with Pectinase on the Recovery Efficiency, Total Phenolic Content, DPPH of Filtrate from the Cashew Pulp Puree

The cashew tree is commonly grown in tropical countries. The cashew fruit includes cashew nut with a high economic value and cashew fruit pulp as a by-product from the fruit, but it contains a lot of nutritional value and healthy antioxidant compounds. The effect of factors in the hydrolysis process using pectinase on the recovery efficiency (H), total polyphenol content (TPC), and radical scavenging activities (DPPH) was investigated. Enzyme-assisted processing significantly (p < 0.05) improved H, TPC, DPPH. There was an overall increase of 17.1 % in H, 31.0 % in TPC, and 21.6 % in DPPH at the recommended enzyme hydrolysis conditions including pH of 4.0, a temperature of 40oC, enzyme concentration of 0.3 % (v/w), and incubation time of 90 minutes. The use of suitable conditions for the hydrolysis process using pectinase can offer an opportunity for developing foods and beverages with enhanced nutritional value and high antioxidant activity.

Effects of Drying Temperature on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Wood Apple Fruit (Limonia acidissima L.)

Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) is a very nutritious fruit grown in Southeast Asia for its natural source of antioxidants and medicinal properties, which are attributable to large bioactive compounds such as phenols, alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and anti-carcinogenic compounds. However, the high moisture content of wood apple can result in rapid degeneration after cropping and drying is one of the most common methods for preservation of wood apple as well as extending its lifetime. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various drying temperatures (50ºC, 60ºC, 70ºC, and 80ºC) on the moisture profile, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and sensory quality of wood apple pulp. TPC and antioxidant activity were tested via the Folin-Ciocalteu method and free radical scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), respectively. Optimal results were obtained at the drying temperature of 70ºC for 150 minutes which yielded the highest TPC (30.871±0.31 mgGAE/100g of dry matter (DM)), antioxidant activity (20.655±0.29%), and highest mean sensory score.

Pengaruh Pemanasan Bahan Bakar Terhadap Laju Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Pada Sepeda Motor Sistem Karburator

The increasing human need for transportation requires maksimum engine performance and efficient fuel consumptiton on carburetor system motorcycles. In an effort to improve engine performance it is done various ways one of which is by preheating the fuel. This study aims to determine engine performance through preheating the fuel. This research was conducted on a motorcycle with a carburetor system by providing treatment without heating and by heating the fuel with a fuel preheat temperature of 60oC, 80oC, and 90oC at 2500 rpm engine speed and the fuel used is gasoline and pertamax. In this study, fuel consumption increased at 90oC by 0,38 (Kg/hour), at 80oC and 60oC decreased by 0,30 (Kg/hour) and 0,21 (Kg/hour). Specific fuel consumption at temperature 90oC increased by 0,195 (Kg/kWh), at 80oC and 60oC decreased by 0,155 (Kg/kWh) and 0,106 (Kg/kWh) in gasoline, while in pertamax fuel, fuel consumption more efficient than gasoline, namely at a temperature of 90oC increased by 0,33 (Kg/hour), at 80oC and 60oC decreased by 0,22 (Kg/hour) and 0,19 (Kg/hour) while the specific fuel consumption at a temperature of 90oC increased by 0,170 (Kg/kWh), at 80oC and 60oC it decreased by 0,113 (Kg/kWh) and 0,095 (Kg/kWh).Kata kunci: Engine Performance, Preheating of fuel, Temperature Variations

Extraction Optimization of Pigeon Pea Seed Protein and Yield Using Response Surface Methodology

Pigeon Pea (Casanus Cajan L.) is one of the local foods in South Sulawesi. Pigeon pea seeds contain protein that the body can absorb. This study aims to determine the optimum operating conditions for extracting pigeon pea on protein and yield using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used by considering three variables, time (30, 40, and 50 min), temperature (40, 50, and 60oC), and methanol concentration (50, 70, and 90%). The experiment results show that yield ranges from 8.85663% to 31.4766% and 46.1538 mg/l to 15584.6 mg/l. Response variables were computed and used to create the contour plot graphs. The optimum operating conditions for sonication extraction were a time of 44.760 minutes, a temperature of 60oC, and a 90% methanol concentration.

Performance Optimization of Power Plant Waste Heat Using H2O-LiBr Absorption Refrigerant System

This paper examines the use of waste energy in a 3x1 MW Gas Engine Power Plant (GEPP) on Bawean Island, Indonesia. The feasibility method uses water-lithium bromide (H2O-LiBr) technology as absorption refrigeration technology. In addition, bananas are also used for cold storage to overcome waste energy utilization. The cold storage is placed in the 300 m3 area with a 100 kg load capacity for a banana with a temperature of 5oC, 85% humidity, 24 hours of operation, 1292 W cooling load, and 371 TR. This system is used because it utilizes a cheap energy source that dissipates heat from gas and has no ecological hazards, such as ozone layer depletion and global warming. The exhaust gas temperature is 500oC. Moreover, cooling loads for cold storage, which are used with thermodynamic models, and consistent fluid properties, performance, and size of cold storage were also investigated. The results obtained show that higher cold storage output comes from internal factors as compared to external factors. In addition, the absorption refrigerant with Tevaporation is 5oC, capacity 403 TR and Qabsorption is 984 kW, Qgenerator is 1066 kW, Qevaporation is 1411 kW, Qcondenser is 1493 kW, with an absorption coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.32 and power consumption of 158,25 kW. Furthermore, after calculations, analysis, and field experiments, it shows that the internal factor of the cooling load is higher than the external factor sourced from bananas in the cold storage. This phenomenon occurs probably due to the product being refrigerated, following the soar cooling capacity. Thus, the waste energy in PLTGU 3x1 MW has tried to be utilized by the refrigerant absorption system.

EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD PANELS AND LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER OF Pinus glabra Walt.

This work evaluated the potential of the species Pinus glabra for the production of laminated panels, as well as the effect of the density of the veneers and their combination on the quality of the product. The plywood and laminated veneer lumber were produced from two veneer density classes and the combination between them, namely: panels with veneers from 0.33 to 0.40 g/cm3; panels with veneers ranging from 0.41 to 0.48 g/cm3; and panels with veneers of 0.33-0.40 g/cm3 in the inner layer and 0.41-0.48 g/cm3 in the outer layer, resulting in 6 treatments. Phenol-formaldehyde was used as adhesive, whose formulation was 100 pbw of adhesive, 20 pbw of extender, 10 pbw of filler and 20 pbw of water, and applied at a grammage of 180 g/m². The pressing parameters were 1 MPa and temperature of 160ºC for 8 minutes. The evaluation of the quality of the panels was performed through tests of apparent specific gravity, static bending and glue line shear strength, according to European standards. The results presented that the production of panels, from the classification of veneers by densities and combination between them, provides gains in strength and stiffness. The parallel direction of the veneers (in LVL) provided gains in strength and stiffness when compared to panels produced with veneers perpendicular to each other (plywood), being, therefore, the most suitable for structural use. Finally, we have the conclusion that the species Pinus glabra has potential for producing laminated panels.

Effects of Temperature and Variety on Rehydration Parameters and Solute Loss during Soaking of Omakwa and Abrohemaa Maize Varieties

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of soaking temperature and variety on the rehydration parameters and solute loss (essential minerals and vitamin C) of two maize varieties.
 Sun-dried kernels of the maize varieties (Omakwa and Abrohemaa) were soaked at four different water temperatures of 30oC, 40oC, 50oC and 60oC in a thermostatic water bath and the rehydration parameters determined. Temperature and variety were the two principal factors found to influence water uptake by the kernels. The highest rehydration ratio of 13.28 and 14.65 for Omakwa and Abrohemaa respectively occurred at the highest soaking temperature of 60oC. The quantitative analysis of solute loss (phosphorus, sodium, potassium and vitamin C) carried out reveals that large amounts of Potassium and vitamin C leached into the soaking water at higher water temperatures while residual amount of sodium saw an initial increase before decreasing to a low value as the temperature increases. For phosphorus, larger residual amounts were obtained at low to moderate soaking temperatures while a further increase in soaking temperature beyond 50oC resulted in a decrease. Soaking at temperatures of 40oC and 50oC were found to retain more nutrients hence moderate temperature of 40oC ≤X≤ 50oC may be considered for soaking of Omakwa and Abrohemaa maize varieties.

Parámetros energéticos en la producción sostenible de taninos de Caesalpinia spinosa kuntze (Tara)

For the production of tannins from Caesalpinia spinosa, the optimal values were determined: Raw material / extractant ratio: 1: 3; extraction time of 45 min and a leaching temperature of 70oC; the tannin concentration being evaluated by the modified permanganate method. The optimization of the parameters was carried out using the Placket & Burman Design. The process consists of extraction, vacuum concentration, clarification for the mucilage precipitate using 95oGL ethanol; recovering the alcohol by distillation; Spray drying was carried out in batches at a temperature of 145oC, obtaining a tannin concentration of 0,840 mg / mL, with an average yield of dry product of 10,42% based on the raw material in the pod. The resulting biomass was dried, pelleted and densified to be used as fuel in a stationary grate boiler, determining a saturated steam generation index of 5,260 tonnes of steam ⁄ ton of dry biomass with 10% humidity

Formulation Of Coenzyme Q10 Liquid Foundation With a Variations Virgin Coconut Oil as The Oil Phase

Coenzyme Q10 is a compound with potent antioxidants that can protect the skin from exposure to U.V. rays. Therefore researchers formulated a liquid foundation moisturizer coenzyme Q10 with VCO oil phase, which is able to provide many benefits. In addition, VCO is able to provide good physical characteristics to the preparation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of virgin coconut oil on the physical characteristics of the preparation and to determine the formula with the most preferred concentration of VCO by the public. The methodology in this research is evaporation emulsification with a 500 rpm magnetic stirrer for 10 minutes. Moisturizer liquid foundation is made by mixing the oil phase into the water phase above a water bath at a temperature of 70oC and adding white pigment to form an ivory color. The results showed that the higher the concentration of VCO, the lower the pH, viscosity, and adhesion of the preparation, and the greater the spreadability. In addition to testing the physical characteristics, the researchers also conducted a preference test, and the results obtained were that the respondents preferred formula 3 with a VCO concentration of 7%. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and linear regression with a 95% confidence level.

Functional and sensory properties of Indonesian bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) herbal tea

Indonesian bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) has been reported to contain antioxidants and antidiabetic agents that can bring many health benefits. To increase its consumption, it can be processed into herbal tea with a simple processing method. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of drying temperature, brewing temperature, and brewing time on functional properties and sensory acceptance of Indonesian bay leaf herbal tea. Indonesian bay leaf was dried at three different temperatures (40, 50 and 60oC) for 24 hrs to increase its shelf life. A drying temperature of 40oC was selected for its highest antioxidant properties among the dried Indonesian bay leaf. Indonesian bay leaf herbal tea was prepared with different brewing temperatures (80, 90 and 100oC) and brewing times (10, 20 and 30 mins). Results showed that lower brewing temperature (80oC) and longer brewing time (30 mins) could increase its functional properties, with the highest antioxidant activity (IC50) of 984.07±28.92 ppm. Indonesian bay leaf herbal tea brewed for 30 mins showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibition activity of 4704.79±26.31 ppm, about 85 times weaker compared to acarbose. However, brewing time and temperature did not affect the sensory acceptance of bay leaf herbal tea with an overall hedonic score ranging from 4-5 (slightly like).