Transmission Line Phase Research Articles

Location of Faults in Six Phase Transmission Line using a Neuro Fuzzy System

Fault location plays an important role in power systems. It is frequently used in transmission lines to reduce the system damage for growing electrical energy demand. However, the location estimation method itself is easy to be disturbed by different parameters and gives estimation errors. To solve this problem, this paper introduces a scheme that uses neuro fuzzy system (NFS) to locate all types of faults such as shunt faults, transforming faults, series faults and simultaneous faults in six phase overhead line (SPOL). This scheme has been performed on a 68 km, 138 kV, 60Hz, SPOL for all fault types by employing MATLAB software Simulink. Here, Haar wavelet transforms (HWT) are used to extract the current signals in order to evaluate the behavior and characteristics of higher frequency components. Then, the obtained HWT currents data are employed to construct the fault location scheme in SPOL based on NFS. The obtained experimental results confirm that by using the NFS, the maximum fault location error (MFLE) can be reduced by more than 10%. It can further reduce the maximum response time (MRT) for the operator to address the faults and ensure the power system reliability in the future. The test result executed in this investigation indicates that the NFS is resilient to wide changes in fault conditions, and it shows good performance and huge potential for location of faults in SPOL.

A Singly Curved Conformal Phased Array with Integrated Particles-Based CRLH Phase Shifters

In this paper, a four unit cell micron-sized magnetic particles embedded composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line metamaterial phase shifter is proposed. The variable phases are achieved by activating the micron-sized magnetic particles along the length of stub transmission lines of the CRLH transmission line structure. This causes to effectively change the inductance of stub transmission lines, which changes the phase of the RF signal. These structures can be activated in a symmetric or asymmetrical manner to obtain wide range of phase shifts. A prototype of cascaded four unit cell CRLH transmission line phase shifter with embedded silver-coated ferrites (magnetic particles) is designed, fabricated and tested for phase shifters applications. The measured phase response of the proposed phase shifter is in close agreement with the simulated phase response. Next, for the performance analysis of proposed phase shifter, a 1 × 4 conformal curved-shaped phased array operating at 5.8 GHz is fed with the four unit cell cascaded phase shifter in CST full-wave simulator. The conformal phased array with proposed integrated phase shifters was simulated for broadside pattern correction and main beam scanning at 20 degree on curved-shaped surface with different bend angles. The radiation pattern results obtained with the proposed integrated phase shifters are in close agreement with those obtained with direct excitation of the array.

A reconfigurable Wilkinson power divider based on transmission-line phase shifter for 5G new radio

A reconfigurable Wilkinson power divider based on transmission-line phase shifter for 5G new radio

Differential-to-Common-Mode Noise Conversion Suppression on Right-Angle-Bent Differential Transmission Lines Using 3D-Printed Dielectric Materials

A method using 3D-printed dielectric materials is proposed to suppress differential-to-common-mode noise conversion in right-angle-bent differential transmission lines. The permittivity of the 3D-printed dielectric material decreases the phase velocity of the shorter inner line of the differential transmission lines. Decreasing the phase velocity of the inner line enables the transmission line phase difference to approach 180°, suppressing differential-to-common-mode noise conversion. Simulation shows that increasing the length of the dielectric material causes a decrease in the phase velocity of the transmission line, suppressing differential-to-common-mode noise. The measured results agree with the simulation, indicating suppression in Scd21. The eye height of the eye diagram improved by 19.63%, improving the system signal integrity.

Fault detection and location based SVM for three phase transmission lines utilizing positive sequence fault components

Transmission lines are an imperative element of the modern power systems. Any faults in them can cause an undesirable interruption in power supply. Precise analysis of these faults is important in-order to ensure an incessant supply of power. For this purpose, fault detection and classification are needed to clear any such faults and re-establish the system to maintain its normal operation. In this paper, a novel integrated approach of protective relaying with enhanced support vector machine algorithm has been adopted for detecting faults and its location estimation in long transmission line. The proposed scheme is successfully able to detect and classify different symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults along with some peculiar cases related to High Impedance Faults (HIF) and evolving faults, current transformer (CT) saturation/ capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) transient, close-in faults, swing condition, source strength variation, etc. The comparative analysis with recent proposed techniques declared the potentiality and robustness of the scheme

A Low-RCS 2D Multi-Layer Van Atta Array at X-Band

This paper presents a novel approach to reducing radar cross section (RCS) using a 2D multi-layer Van Atta array based on the phase cancellation principle. By controlling the phase of transmission lines using wideband phase shifters, the proposed array can achieve significant RCS reduction at a wide frequency range of 8 GHz to 11 GHz. Both theoretical calculations and experimental measurements were conducted to evaluate the performance of the Van Atta array with phase shifters. Results showed significant RCS reduction from various incident angles, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed design in achieving wideband RCS reduction at the X-band.

Transmission Line Voltage Measurement Utilizing a Calibrated Suspension Grounding Voltage Sensor.

The accurate voltage measurement of distribution networks is of great significance in power dispatching and fault diagnosis. Voltage sensors based on the spatial electric field effect do not require grounding, which provides the possibility for the distributed measurement of transmission line voltages. However, the divider ratio of suspension grounding voltage sensors is affected by the height between the sensor and the ground, as well as the distance between the sensor and the telegraph pole. In this paper, a self-calibration method based on internal capacitance transformation is proposed to realize the on-line calibration of suspension grounding voltage sensors. The calibration is accomplished by switching different parameters in the conditioning circuit, and the calibration process does not require power failure or known input excitation. In addition, the impact of electric fields in the other two phases of three-phase transmission lines on measurement through simulation research is quantified in this paper. In order to reduce the impact of interference electric fields, an equipotential shielding structure is designed. The circuit topology and probe prototype have been developed and testing has been conducted in laboratory conditions; the experimental results show that the maximum relative error of voltage amplitude is 1.65%, and the phase relative error is 0.94%. The measurement accuracy is not limited by the height to ground or the distance to the telegraph pole. In addition, in the application of an equipotential shielding probe, the maximum deviation of measured voltage is 0.7% with and without interference electric fields.

IoT Based Three Phase Transmission Line Fault Detec-tion & Analysis

IoT Based Three Phase Transmission Line Fault Detec-tion & Analysis

A W-Band Digitally Controlled Bidirectional Transmission Line Phase Shifter in 22-nm FDSOI

In this letter, a passive bidirectional integrated tunable transmission line (TL) phase shifter (PS) is proposed and demonstrated in the W-band (75–110 GHz). The PS is based on a modified coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure with a conditional meandering ground return path located below the coplanar metal layer on the ground wall. The modified CPW structure achieves a wide phase shift tuning range with a compact PS unit cell A 5-bit digitally controllable PS based on the proposed topology is implemented in the 22-nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) process. The PS achieves a worst case phase resolution and loss of 4.4 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and 11.5 Db, respectively, in the W-band for a total phase shift of up to 115 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math> </inline-formula> . To the authors’ knowledge, this represents the highest frequency range for a constant length integrated tunable TL PS in a silicon-based integrated circuit (IC) technology.

Моделирование режима одностороннего включения линии электропередачи сверхвысокого напряжения с применением устройства синхронизации моментов включения контактов фаз выключателя

Simulating the switching on of an overhead power transmission line (PTL) of ultra-high voltage in a dead-end mode, containing a significant aperiodic current component, both from the switch control key and in the three-phase automatic reclosing (TARC) cycle, is performed using the MATLAB software package. The aim of modelling is to search and find the optimal modes of electrical transmission operation in terms of admitting the values of the aperiodic current component and assessing possible values of overvoltages in the phases of power transmission lines. The possibility of using phase-by-phase control of a high-voltage circuit breaker, which ensures closing the power contacts of the circuit breaker phase at the moment of the maximum value of the instantaneous voltage on these contacts, is checked as a measure that can significantly reduce the influence of the aperiodic current component on the possibility of damaging switching equipment and developing an emergency situation in the power system. The results obtained can be used to practically eliminate the influence of the aperiodic current component in all possible modes (dead-end mode of an overhead line (OL), in an unsuccessful automatic reclosing cycle (ARC) for all types of short circuits on a high-voltage power line) with shunt reactors put into operation and without putting them into operation.

A 16.5-31 GHz Area-Efficient Tapered Tunable Transmission Line Phase Shifter

This paper presents a Tapered Tunable Transmission Line (Tapered TTL) phase shifter that achieves a higher area efficiency than conventional Tunable Transmission Line (TTL) phase shifters while maintaining the same phase shift range with similar insertion losses. A systematic methodology is provided for the optimum design of the proposed phase shifter to maximize its area efficiency while providing the desired phase shift range and satisfying the maximum allowed input/output return and insertion losses. To verify the efficacy of the proposed solution, an eleven-cell phase shifter is fabricated in a standard 65-nm Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) technology and the measurement results are reported. The fabricated circuit provides a 180-degree phase shift over the frequency range of 16.5 to 31 GHz with an average insertion loss of 7.2 dB. The proposed design presents a 25 percent reduction in the chip area per unit delay in comparison to the conventional design with the same average insertion loss.

Phase De-Embedding of Narrowband Coupled- Resonator Networks by Vector Fitting

This paper introduces a simple and effective way to de-embed the constant phase loading and transmission line from the simulated or measured S-parameter data of a narrowband coupled-resonator network by vector fitting. The phase-corrected S-parameters can be converted to Y-parameters to prepare for rational function approximation and extraction of the coupling matrix for the purpose of computer-aided tuning. This method is applicable to many narrowband coupled-resonator networks including microwave bandpass filters and diplexers. Examples including a simulated triple-mode bandpass filter and a measured wire- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> junction diplexer are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new technique.

Single-Input Broadband Hybrid Doherty Power Amplifiers Design Relying on a Phase Sliding-Mode of the Load Modulation Scheme

This work introduces a novel design theory for a single-input hybrid Doherty power amplifier (PA) inspired by the design space existing within the previously reported dual-input Doherty–Chireix (outphasing) continuum. Unlike the conventional <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda /4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Doherty PA inverter which only performs the correct load modulation at its center frequency, the hybrid Doherty PA (HD <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -PA) combiner network achieves a wideband load modulation using the frequency dependence of the electrical length of the output combiner lines versus frequency for sliding the PA mode of operation. A modified theory is presented in this work to allow for a single-input PA implementation. In this new design, the outphasing angle is only changing with frequency and not the input power. A transmission line phase shifter is used to provide the correct frequency-dependent input phase offset ensuring the correct wideband load modulation performed by the output combiner. A novel methodology is also proposed to select the optimal input phase offset to reduce the variation in the saturation power versus frequency and minimize the circuit size. A proof-of-concept demonstrator PA circuit is designed to operate from 2.5 to 3.3 GHz. When the fabricated PA is excited by a 20-MHz long-term evolution (LTE) modulated signal with 6-dB peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), an average efficiency of 45%–59% and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) less than −50 dBc are achieved after digital predistortion (DPD) across the entire band. When the fabricated PA is excited by a 5G-like 50-MHz orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signal with 10-dB PAPR, an average efficiency of 33%–41% and ACLR less than −44 dBc are achieved after DPD across the entire band.

Multi-Phase Power System Simulation

Abstract: Six Phase Transmission System has the capacity to increase the transmission capacity by 1.732 times the existing Three Phase System. It is possible to convert existing Three Phase Double circuit transmission line into compact Six Phase transmission line within the existing Right-of-way. Forecasting the demand and supply of Electrical energy gives the alternative solution is Six Phase Transmission system in addition to its several advantages like reduced phase voltage, less corona, declined magnetic field etc. This paper presents the study and analysis of design of transformer for six phase system. Comparison by system count per unit use MATLAB and PSCAD/ EMTDC simulation implemented for both system. Analysis of data carried out for parameters as value phase difference, voltage, current and power in transmission line. Apart from that assessment choosing the best transformer design for six phase system also implemented. From the analysis data performed found line system six phase have successfully produced ascendant as many as 73% in the division transmission line over system double three phase circuit. Apart from obtain that the best connection six phase system to acquire stated ascendant is delta Star delta inverted Star connection and diametrical connection

A Composite Right/Left-Handed Phase Shifter-Based Cylindrical Phased Array with Reinforced Particles Responsive to Magneto-Static Fields

A conformal cylindrical phased array antenna excited with composite right/left-handed (CRLH) phase shifters is proposed. The phase tuning of the CRLH phase shifter is achieved by embedding novel magneto-static field-responsive micron-sized particles in its structure. It is shown that through the tiny magnet activation of these novel magneto-static particles at appropriate locations along the length of CRLH stub and inter-digital fingers, variable phase shifts are obtained. The proposed particle-based CRLH phase shifter operates in C-band (5–6) GHz with a low insertion loss and phase error. The 1 × 4 cylindrical phased array is excited with the four unit cells of the proposed particle-embedded CRLH transmission line phase shifters to scan the main beam at desired scan angles. A prototype of a 1 × 4 cylindrical phased array excited with the particle-based CRLH phase shifters was fabricated, and the results show that the simulated results are in close agreement with the measured results. The conformal cylindrical array with the proposed particle-based CRLH phase shifters has great potential for use in printed and flexible electronics design where commercially available phase shifters have a definite drawback.

Design and Minimization of Mutual Coupling Steered Array Lens Antenna for 5G Communication

Examining and evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance the performance by the initial objectives are the main contribution of this paper. To achieve multiband operation, the patch's shape is first adjusted later microstrip patch with the slot presented. With the help of the Ansoft HFSS antenna simulator, functional analysis has been shown to examine the impact on antenna resonant frequency. A probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is developed in this work via the HFSS tool for wireless applications operating between 2 to 5GHz. To achieve multiband operation, the structure of the patch is varied. The impacts on antenna resonant frequency are examined through numerical simulations. The length, as well as the width of a traditional patch antenna, is initially computed, and further, an appropriate patch dimension of 28.3mm x 36.9mm has been determined. For multiband operation over the frequency ranging between 2 and 5GHz wireless applications, a probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is built via the HFSS tool. The proposed architecture of a traditional microstrip patch antenna is imprinted on an FR4 epoxy substrate with a 1.6mm thickness and a 4.4 dielectric constant. The proposed antenna design is illustrated for the 3D structure of the Mutual Coupling Steered Array-Lens Antenna System (MPA) with an improved patch. To achieve multiband operation, two slots are inserted on the edges of the patch, and both the slots are 2mm wide, as well as the depth of the slots is modified to see how it corresponds to the resonant frequency. This work is mainly concentrated on (i) Examining as well as evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance its performance, (ii) Examining, evaluating, as well as assessing the performance of an improved split ring resonator metamaterial, and (iii) Exploring, analyzing, as well as evaluating the performance of dielectric lens base patch array antennas and (iv) Developing as well as analyzing the transmission line phase shifter. The groundwork for developing this work is being carried out, and a comparative study is made on (i) techniques for improving the antenna's performance through the application of a modified patch antenna, a Modified split ring resonator, a Dielectric lens structure, and Transmission line phase shifter.

Analysis of 3-Phase Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Fault on Transmission Line using Fortescue Theorem

This paper investigates the major faults affecting the transmission of electrical energy after power has been generated from the power generating station. In a 3-phase transmission line, faults arise due to numerous causes such as aircraft, line breaks due to the excessive loading, heavy winds, trees falling across the lines etc. The faults faced in a 3-phase transmission line are broadly categorized into two main parts, namely: unsymmetrical faults and symmetrical faults. Furthermore, there is another classification of faults in 3-phase transmission lines such as: shunt type of faults and series type of faults, but this paper discusses the shunt type of faults which create short circuit on single line to ground (L-G) faults between two conductors or line to line (L-L) faults, or double line to ground (LL-G) or (triple) three line to ground (LLL-G) faults. This was achieved using the Fortescue Theorem on MATLAB software. The results show that the single L-G faults occur more frequently followed by the L-L faults, LL-G faults, and LLL-G faults. This study is essential to evaluate the power reliability and stability of power transmission lines.

Phase Adjustment of S-Parameters from Coupled Resonator Filters

This paper presents a method to cancel the constant phase loading and transmission line that are added to the S-parameters of coupled resonant networks. Thus, the phase-corrected S-parameters may be used to obtain a rational model together with its representative coupling matrix. This method is applicable to lossy and lossless coupled resonator networks with two ports, such as microwave filters. In addition, it has the advantage of not requiring S-parameters with wide frequency ranges, and offers less computational effort than other approaches. Examples including simulations of microwaves passband filters are provided in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new technique.

Support vector machine based fault section identification and fault classification scheme in six phase transmission line

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The higher complexity of a six phase transmission system (SPTS) construction and the large number of possible faults makes the protection task challenging. Moreover, the reverse &amp;amp; forward path faults in SPTS cannot be detected by traditional relay as it becomes under-reach. In this paper, a support vector machine (SVM) method including Haar wavelets for SPTS fault section identification and fault classification is focused. The positive-sequence component phase angle and currents at middle two buses are used to formulate a suggested method. Feasibility of suggested SVM is tested with a 138 kV, 300 km, 60 Hz, SPTS in MATLAB based Simulink platform. Several major parameters including far end and near end location &lt;span&gt;conditions are taken to investigate the reach setting and accuracy of proposed SVM. This relaying method can detect the existence of fault in reverse &amp;amp; forward&lt;/span&gt; path in 1 ms time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Comparative Analysis of Measures and Technical Means for Suppressing the Aperiodic Current Component in Circuit Breaker

Electromagnetic transients are considered in the implementation of three-phase automatic reclose on the transmission line of extra high voltage 750 kV. The influence of automatic shunting of phases and pre-insertion active resistance for limiting the characteristics of the aperiodic component of the current, which obstructs the transition of full current through zero, is evaluated. The paper analyses measures taking into account the effect of changing the degree of compensation of charging power and the angles of switching on an SF6 circuit breaker. Sub-schemes of disconnected undamaged phases of the extra high voltage transmission line for the investigation of the aperiodic current component have been developed. The values of the pre-insertion active resistances of different connection and automatic shunting of the phases are determined at which there is an effective reduction of the characteristics of the aperiodic component of the current. In the software environment, a model was developed and switching transient processes were simulated in the 750 kV transmission line. Operating modes that are potentially dangerous for SF6 circuit breakers are determined and recommendations are given to avoid them. Currently the technical and economic requirements for power transmission lines designed for the transport of electricity from large power plants and for the communication of powerful energy systems are increasing. Today there is the importance of reducing specific investment in the construction of new and reconstruction of existing lines. The solution of these issues is associated with the maximum use of power lines by increasing their power transfer capability and controlling modes, especially in operating emergency conditions and post-emergency operation of power systems.