Motor Phase Research Articles

Detailed Modeling and In-Situ Calorimetric Verification of Three-Phase Sparse NPC Converter Power Semiconductor Losses

The three-phase three-level (3-L) Sparse Neutral Point Clamped Converter (SNPCC) combines a 3-L matrix stage and a three-phase two-level inverter stage to generate 3-L switched output voltages with a reduced transistor count (10 instead of 12 or 18) compared to the classical 3-L NPCC or 3-L active NPCC structure, targeting variable-speed drive systems with low ripple of the motor phase currents or bidirectional three-phase PFC rectifier systems with reduced boost inductor volume. This paper analyzes and experimentally characterizes the performance of an IGBT-based three-phase 3-L SNPCC converter, and describes for the first time a hybrid current commutation effect between inverter-stage diodes and matrix-stage IGBTs that occurs when operating with lower modulation indices and leads to increased switching losses (up to 20%). The proposed new semiconductor loss modeling approach accounts for this effect successfully, which is verified (< 10% error) on an 800V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dc</sub> , 7.5kW SNPCC hardware demonstrator using a new in-situ calorimetric method that facilitates accurate stage-level semiconductor loss measurements. Heat spreading effects caused by the asymmetrical losses injection and thermal decoupling between two in-situ loss measurement blocks are carefully checked with FEM simulations. Further, an experimental evaluation of common-mode and differential-mode high-frequency voltage-time area ripples (as a generic measure for the required filtering effort) for three typical symmetrical and asymmetrical modulation switching state sequences is provided together with the semiconductor loss characterization. Utilizing a low-switching-loss asymmetric modulation scheme that operates the 3-L matrix stage and the 2-L inverter stage with effective switching frequencies of 16kHz and 5.3kHz, respectively, the 3-L SNPCC demonstrator finally achieves a high rated-power (7.5kW, load current phase shift ϕ = 0) semiconductor efficiency of 98.8%.

Study on a Second-Order Adaptive Sliding-Mode Observer Control Algorithm for the Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

The control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) without a position sensor based on a sliding-mode observer (SMO) algorithm has a serious jitter problem in the process of motor phase tracking. A second-order adaptive sliding-mode observer algorithm was proposed, and the ideas and principles of the second-order sliding-mode observer algorithm based on the super-twisting algorithm were elaborated. In particular, adaptive estimation with the introduction of back-electromotive force (EMF) was investigated, and the Lyapunov stability criterion was used to determine the convergence properties of the algorithm. The results showed that the second-order adaptive sliding-mode observer algorithm had better jitter suppression and a better phase tracking performance than the traditional sliding-mode observer algorithm. The experimental results showed that when the motor velocity was 800 r/min, the velocity error of the second-order adaptive sliding-mode observer algorithm was 0.57 r/min and the position error was 0.018 rad, with accuracy improvements of 93.63% and 58.34%, respectively. When the motor velocity was 1000 r/min, the velocity error of the second-order adaptive sliding-mode observer algorithm was 0.94 r/min and the position error was 0.022 rad, with accuracy improvements of 90.55% and 55.10%, respectively. The jitter of the system was suppressed well, the curve of back-EMF was smoother, and the robustness of the system was high. Therefore, the second-order adaptive sliding-mode observer algorithm is more suitable for the position-sensorless control of a PMSM.

Study of Winding Structure to Reduce Harmonic Currents in Dual Three-Phase Motor

Dual three-phase motors have the problem of a large generation of harmonic currents while driving due to small inductance for certain harmonics. The purpose of this paper is to theoretically clarify the effect of the winding structure of dual three-phase motors on harmonic currents. Analytical calculations considering the spatial harmonics of the magnetomotive force are used to formulate the inductance that depends on the winding structure and the harmonic order. The validity of the formulated theoretical expression of the inductance is confirmed by finite element analysis. In addition, drive simulations of the coil pitch 5/6 dual 3-phase motor and the coil pitch 1 dual 3-phase motor are performed, and it is found that the magnitude of the generated harmonic currents can be explained using the formulated inductance values. In conclusion, it is found that dual three-phase motors with large winding factors for fifth and seventh order spatial harmonics can reduce the harmonic currents.

Quantified Striatal Dopaminergic Denervation as Predictor for Motor Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease.

A hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is progressive loss of dopamine terminals in the basal ganglia, with clinical symptoms including motor and non-motor manifestations such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and cognitive impairment. Dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT) can be used to assess dopaminergic denervation by detecting loss of striatal dopamine transporters (DaT). We examined DaT binding scores' (DaTbs) association with motor outcomes in PD and explored its usefulness as a predictor of disease progression. Faster dopaminergic denervation in the basal ganglia was hypothesized to have stronger correlation and predictive value for poor motor outcomes. Data was analyzed from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative. DaTbs in the putamen and caudate nucleus were correlated with Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) scores for walking and balance difficulties, gait difficulties, and presence of dyskinesias. A predictive model using baseline speed of drop in DaT binding score was performed for each motor outcome. All motor outcomes had mild, significantly negative correlation with DaTbs in the putamen and caudate nucleus, with similar degree of correlation per region. Speed of drop was predictive of only substantial gait difficulties when evaluated in the putamen but not the caudate. These findings suggest that analyzing speed of drop in DaTbs, which occurs early in the motor phase of the disease, may be helpful for predicting clinical outcomes in PD. Longer observation of this cohort may provide further data to investigate DaTbs as a prognostic marker in PD.

Application of Smart Relay Software in 3-Phase Motor Practice at SMKN 2 Bitung

This study aims to detect practical errors to minimize circuit errors. This research was carried out at SMK Negeri 2 Bitung in the even semester of the 2021/2022 academic year. The research method used is descriptive analysis research using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data collection technique consists of three stages: observation, statements based on Bloom's taxonomy, and documentation. The subjects of this research were 25 students from class XII. The research instrument used is a statement based on Bloom's taxonomy which has gone through the validation stage of the supervisor. The results of this study are to minimize the occurrence of 3-Phase Motor Practice errors with the application of Smart Relay software for 25 students. The results showed they dominated with friendly answers regarding students' understanding of using Smart Relay software. Based on students' attitudes in using Smart Relay software, they dominate with agreeing answers, and so on, aspects of students' skills in using Smart Relay software dominate with agreeing answers. It was also obtained from student learning outcomes that understanding the Smart Relay software got an average score of 84.2.

Research on Fault Diagnosis Technology of Rotational Shell Magazine based on MSCA and SVM

The power unit of self-propelled artillery rotational shell magazine is a vulnerable part in the whole system. Aiming at the problem of magazine fault diagnosis under multiple loads, the method of motor current characteristic analysis and support vector machine is used to diagnose the fault of reducer. Through the establishment of a virtual prototype of a certain revolving shell magazine, the state characteristics of the reducer are analyzed from the perspectives of time domain, frequency domain, time frequency and distribution entropy with the motor phase current as the information source. The support vector machine method is used to train and classify the feature vector set, and the fault diagnosis of a certain rotary magazine reducer is completed.

QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY QUALITY PARAMETERS ON THE OPERATION OF ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

One of the most common requirements in modern industrial applications is to minimize the costs associated with the operation, maintenance and possible repairs of the component systems. In industrial processes, induction motors are the most commonly used electromechanical converters in electrical drive systems. The extensive development of power electronics, as well as the relatively low manufacturing cost of asynchronous motors has determined a very high incidence of the presence of induction motor drive systems in industrial systems. The use of semiconductor devices to control the drive parameters of induction motors facilitates the tuning of the system and thus greatly improves its flexibility. However, the optimal use of such electric motors is limited due to the possibility of specific defects caused by the quality of the power supply. In this context, this paper proposes an analysis of the defects that frequently appear in the case of induction motors in industrial electrical drive systems as a result of deviations from the quality of the electrical energy of their power system parameters. Two deviations from the energy quality are mainly investigated, namely, the imbalance of the voltage value applied to the motor phases, respectively the harmonic distortions of the waveforms of the voltages applied to the motor. At the same time, an analysis of the failure rate is made according to various characteristics of the induction motors.

Design, Prototype and Experimental Verification of Single Phase Flux Switching Motor Using Low Cost Magnets

There has an increasing demand for a low cost brushless alternative to the series universal motor and single phase induction motor in domestic appliance and automotive applications. Single phase FSM with field winding has relatively low efficiency and low power factor. This paper tries to investigate a topology of single phase FSM which uses low cost magnet, i.e., Ferrite instead of field winding to provide field excitation. By using field focusing effect, the magnets are properly arranged to provide the required airgap flux. A standard design procedure for the presented FSM is developed. Extensive comparisons to the single phase induction motor, single phase permanent magnet motor and universal motor are made. A prototype with 8/4 pole configuration is fabricated. The experiment results are given and compared to the FEA simulated results. In addition, the electromagnetic vibrations and acoustic noises are also considered and measured which is always seen as the main disadvantage of this kind of motor.

Dual, Three-Level, Quasi-Z-Source, Indirect Matrix Converter for Motors With Open-Ended Windings

In this paper, a novel variable-voltage, variable-frequency, dual, three-level, quasi-Z-source, indirect matrix converter topology is proposed, including a detailed description of a modulation method and a control strategy for three-phase motors with open-ended windings. The proposed power drive system (PDS) supports bidirectional power flow and has a combined control of DC-link voltage and output AC voltage frequency. Experimentally validation was performed on a 4-kW PDS. For a given supply voltage amplitude and the same power switch voltage rating in the DC/AC converter, the proposed PDS can double the voltage output gain, thus being an interesting solution for high-power applications with motors designed for higher voltages. The proposed PDS topology, modulation method and motor control strategy can reduce the common-mode component, low-order harmonic content, peak values and d <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v</i> /d <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</i> of the motor phase voltage, ultimately leading to lower winding insulation voltage stress at low-speed, low-voltage operation, lower harmonic losses in the motor, and ride-through capability over voltage sags in the mains, which are important advantages.

Flux and Loss Map Based Evaluation of the Efficiency Map of Synchronous Machines

This article presents a methodology for the efficiency maps evaluation of synchronous electric machines. The procedure is based on the manipulation of flux linkage, iron and PM loss maps obtained via 2D magneto-static Finite-Element Analysis. The paper thoroughly describes the procedure and its key computational steps, all referring to open-source Matlab code available to the public. A method for iron loss evaluation from magneto-static FEA is proposed, valid for both sinusoidal and PWM supply. Experimental results are provided for the validation of single loss terms calculation and for the whole efficiency map, with reference to an interior permanent magnet machine designed for traction. FEA evaluation of PWM supply conditions relies on the off-line computation of the motor phase currents using a custom PLECS model of the drive, still flux-map based. This step of the procedure is also validated experimentally. The proposed methodology covers permanent magnet synchronous and synchronous reluctance machines, and finds prominent application in the automotive field, for traction and on-board generation.

A Novel Multi-Criteria Local Latin Hypercube Refinement System for Commutation Angle Improvement in IPMSMs

The commutation angle, γ, of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor's (IPMSM) vector diagram, plays an important role in compensating the back electromotive force (back-EMF); both under phase current variations and an extended speed range, is required by the application. This commutation angle is defined as the angle between the fundamental of the motor phase current and the fundamental of the back-EMF. It can be utilised to provide a compensating effect in IPMSMs. This is due to the reluctance torque component being dependent on the commutation angle of the phase current even before entering the extended speed range. A real-time maximum torque per current and voltage strategy is demonstrated to find the trajectory and optimum commutation angles, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">γ</i> , where the level of accuracy depends on the application and available computational speed. A magnet volume reduction using a novel multi-criteria local Latin hypercube refinement (MLHR) sampling system is also presented to improve the optimisation process. The proposed new technique minimises the magnet mass to motor torque density whilst maintaining a similar phase current level. A mapping of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">γ</i> allows the determination of the optimum angles, as shown in this paper. The 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> generation Toyota Prius IPMSM is considered as the reference motor, where the rotor configuration is altered to allow for an individual assessment.

Perancangan Rangkaian Forward-Reverse pada Motor 3 Fasa

Electricity is a modern-day invention that has become the driving force behind the majority of industries. The 3-phase motor system includes it. The 3-phase motor system is an electrical device-owned system that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The purpose of this research is to complete the development of a forward-reverse control system using a three-phase motor and to determine the feasibility test results for a three-phase motor system trainer with a forward-reverse circuit. Data collection techniques were used in conjunction with data analysis of experimental results using qualitative descriptive techniques. This method is used by describing the entire series. This technique is carried out by describing the entire series of research flows beginning with the analysis of tool and material needs, design of control systems, realization of control systems, testing of control systems, and results of testing of control systems. The study's findings indicate that creating a system using a 3-phase induction motor, which is commonly used in various industries for production purposes, can increase the practical ease of use in distributing AC power to the system. Furthermore, the implementation of this 3-phase motor can control electricity effectively. Because its components are highly efficient, a three-phase motor is used. Using a PLN voltage source. Stripping pliers and cable cutters, a digital multimeter, and one set of screwdrivers were used. There are several buttons (buttons), and when the forward button is pressed, the voltage is distributed to the magneticcontractor forward, and the induction motor rotates forward. When the reverse button is pressed, themagnetic contractor reverses; if it is already in operation, the motor moves in the opposite direction.

Prediction of Tail-Off Pressure Peak Anomaly on Small-Scale Rocket Motors

Numerical studies intended to predict solid rocket motors anomalies are the major contributors when developing strategies to both limit expensive fire tests and to investigate and understand the physical phenomena from which anomalies can arise. This paper aims to present a mathematical–physical method to evaluate the pressure peak, namely Friedman Curl, occurring at the tail-off phase of small-scale rocket motors. Such phenomenon is linked to the grain solid particles arrangement (i.e., packing effect); indeed, those particles show a tendency to accumulate at a certain distance from the metallic case, implying a local burn rate increment and a combustion chamber pressure rise close to the tail-off phase. Comparisons between experimental and simulated combustion chamber pressure profiles are outlined to prove the effectiveness of the mathematical–physical approach. Simulations were carried out with an internal ballistic simulation tool developed by the authors of this work.

Design of Single Phase Motor Current, Voltage, Over Temperature Protection System and Temperature Timing in Water Heater

Motor induksi merupakan salah satu peralatan listrik dari banyaknya peralatan yang digunakan dalam dunia industri sampai dikehidupan sehari-hari. Dalam penggunaaannya kondisi motor harus dalam keadaan stand by setiap saat ketika dibutuhkan untuk memompa air dari sumber dari dalam tanah untuk kehidupan sehari-hari. Pada penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dengan merancang sistem proteksi untuk melindungi motor induksi berbasis IoT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sistem proteksi berbasis IoT dalam melindungi motor dari gangguan tegangan, arus, dan suhu berlebih. Membuat alat monitoring dan proteksi dengan menggunakan Modul ESP32 sebagai mikrokontroller sekaligus modul WIFI dengan 3 sensor sebagai pembaca parameter yaitu untuk membaca tegangan, dan arus menggunakan Modul PZEM-004T, dan membaca suhu dengan modul DHT11. Dalam memonitoring alat terhubung dengan jaringan internet untuk dimonitoring pembacaan 3 sensor parameter tersebut di komputer. Pada penelitian kali ini melakukan pengujian terhadap program Arduino, terhadap 3 sensor yang digunakan untuk mengetahui prosentase eror terhadap alat dan terakhir pengujian proteksi terhadap tegangan, arus dan suhu berlebih terhadap program yang telah disusun. Dari hasil pengujian ketiga sensor dengan membandingkan data yang dihasilkan multimeter dengan alat monitoring dan proteksi didapatkan rata-rata presentase eror terhadap tegangan sebesar 0%, terhadap arus sebesar 6,9%, dan terhadap suhu sebesar 1,1%. Pada pengujian proteksi tegangan, arus dan suhu sistem kerja yang dibaca oleh alat di komputer efektif dalam memproteksi tegangan, suhu, dan arus yang berlebih sesuai dengan cara kerja yang telah direncanakan sistem secara otomatis menghentikan pergerakan motor. Pada proses proteksi motor pompa induksi 1 fasa diaktifkan berdasarkan data pembacaan sensor seperti suhu, arus, dan tegangan apabila melebihi dari settingan parameter batas atas yang telah diprogramkan pada aplikasi Arduino maka secara otomatis sistem akan memutuskan relay untuk memberhentikan motor pompa 1 fasa. Selama proses pengujian untuk mengetahui arus, suhu, dan tegangan yang masuk ke motor 1 fasa dibuatkan alat yang berisikan sensor untuk membaca ketiga parameter tersebut dan pembuatan monitoring yang bisa pada pemantauannya di komputer dengan menggunakan aplikasi Visual Studio.

Development of a Comprehensive Analytical Model of Induction Motor Under Stator Interturn Faults Incorporating Rotor Slot Harmonics

The objective of this article isto developa comprehensive mathematical model of a three-phase induction motor to facilitate stator interturn (SIT) fault related study. A detailed analytical model that includes accurate inductance modeling considering rotor slot harmonics (RSH) under healthy as well as SIT faults is described. The proposed model is developed analytically in a step-by-step manner incorporating the features of RSH. A detailed but simplified analysis considering both magnetomotive force harmonics and air-gap flux harmonics has been presented. An asymmetric model is proposed, including SIT faults, in a single phase of the induction motor in the next stage of the modeling. The effect of saturation has also been considered in the model. The proposed model is validated by comparing the simulation results in transient, steady state, and frequency domain with the experimental results. Comparison shows a high degree of correlation with the results of the actual motor. The contributions of this work are justified by comparing the proposed model with the existing models. This article also shows that a frequency signature related to RSH present in the line current is capable of characterizing the SIT faults.

계자권선형 동기전동기의 극 슬롯 조합에 따른 전자계 특성 비교

This paper analyzes the electromagnetic characteristics of wound field synchronous motor (WFSM) for home appliances according to pole slot combination. The analyzed factors are output torque, total harmonic distortion (THD) of back-EMF, cogging torque, efficiency and power factor (PF) which should be considered when designing motors. The pole slot combinations are selected with same number of slots per pole per phase (NSPP) of prototype interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). Because the electromagnetic performances show specific tendencies depending on the number of poles and each performance tends to be different, this study can be a reference in determining pole slot combinations of WFSM.

Design and Implementation of Arduino Based Star Delta Starting, F/R Direction Control and Fault Protection of Three Phase Induction Motor

Three-phase induction motors have varied usage in industrial applications. At 50 Hz the most common reduced voltage starter is Star Delta. The popular applied method to minimize the start current of an induction motor is star to delta conversion. This project is designed to remotely control the starting of the induction motor through the star to delta conversion via mobile message command. The project also enables controlling of the forward and reverses motor direction along with phase fail and overload relay trip monitoring through the mobile communication system. The vital components of this project include a Two-channel relay board, a Magnetic Contactor, an Overload Relay, a Phase fail Relay, Timer Relay, Arduino Uno, and GSM SIM900A. The GSM module connected to the microcontroller sends a start command to the motor and after the system is ready the star to delta conversion happens after a certain time by an automatic timer relay. The user receives the current status of the motor and a call if any fault occurs during operation. This design of remotely Arduino controlled star delta starter, forward/ reverse motor movement, overload, and phase failure protection is safer to be used in factories and industries where the number of induction motors is widely popular.

Trends in High Voltage Inverter Systems

Current EV (Electric Vehicle) technology is effective but where is it going in the future? This paper looks at the current trends in the EV market to increase efficiency and range as well as reducing cost. While there are many ways to accomplish these goals, this paper will concentrate on the enhancement of electronic control modules. The tends in the market were directly discussed with leading vehicle OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers and research institutions. The clear trend is for the use of silicon carbide power devices with high performance microcontrollers and 6 phase motors with model based tools further in the future.

Model Predictive Vector Control for Four-Switch Mono-Inverter Dual IM System

A novel dual motor synchronous control system supplied by four-switch mono-inverter is proposed, where one phase of both motors is connected to the mid-point of dc bus capacitors, and other phases are connected to inverter leg. Since only four power switches are required, the installation space, weight, and cost can be further reduced than conventional mono-inverter. However, it presents control challenges due to the limited control freedom degree. An advanced vector control method is proposed for this problem. Based on predictive model, two motors' reference voltage vectors are calculated independently, and a self-adapting composite vector is selected as the output vector of inverter. The duty cycles of switching signals are obtained based on space vector modulation of the selected vector. The use of unified-model or master–slave strategies in conventional mono-inverter control methods is avoided. The control is simplified and computation is reduced, while a good performance is ensured. Experiment results verify the effectiveness of proposed method.

Modulating Wave-Based Timing Calculation for a Multilevel 24-Sided Polygonal Voltage Space Vector Structure With Similar Triangles

This article proposes a multilevel 24-sided polygonal voltage space vector structure (VSVS), eliminating lower order harmonics up to 19th order and suppressing higher order harmonics in motor phase voltage throughout the modulation range. Unlike switched average vectors in literature, the proposed scheme generates real active vectors that have the advantage of less switching frequency operation. The proposed VSVS consists of two concentric polygons divided into similar triangles resulting in a simple modulation algorithm. Instantaneous error in phase voltage reduces due to the multilevel property of the proposed VSVS. The proposed scheme extends the dc bus utilization and linear range of operation. The proposed scheme is implemented on an open-end winding induction motor fed with primary and secondary inverters from either end. This article also presents a modulating wave-based method to compute nearest vector timings using sampled reference waves only. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed timing calculation method does not require trigonometric operations, sorting algorithms, and iterative search algorithms. Experimental verification of the proposed scheme is performed to validate the concept. Switching loss and Fourier analysis comparison with some existing schemes is also presented.