2nd Person Research Articles

Interethnic jokes in Transylvania. The case of Gypsy jokes

Weaver (2014a; 2014b), among other researchers, states that ethnicity is a common topic in humour research. Davies (1998) mentions that most ethnic minorities become the butt of ethnicity-centred jokes. In the Romanian context, most ethnicity-centred humorous discourses target the Hungarians and the Gypsies (Popescu 2011). Jokes are, usually, told from the perspective of the Romanians as a central group, while the butts (i.e., the minorities) represent the peripheral one. In the case of Gypsy jokes, the peripheral group (i.e., the Gypsies) is named in various manners. The paper illustrates the ethnonyms and other means of calling this group that were found in the corpus, when presenting the portray of the Gypsy in humorous discourses. When the relationship existing between two ethnic categories is interpreted in the humorous discourse, I use the label of “interethnic jokes”. Interethnic jokes mirror intercultural relationships existing among ethnic groups which live together in Transylvania (the region where the corpus was collected). The perspective and the presence of the joke-teller (as the representative of the central group – i.e., Romanian/Transylvanian) is marked in the discourse by linguistic tools. This research shows that the presence of the central group may be explicitly stated via ethnonyms or may be implied through lexical or grammatical means. Lexically, the use of lexemes referring to (1) occupations/professions, (2) a person in general, or (3) proper names are the most frequent representations. Grammatically, the use of pronouns and verbs (1st and 2nd person, singular or plural) are widely used tools.

The Logic of Paul's Address in 2 Corinthians 10-13

Abstract2 Cor 10–13 may be seen to hang together closely, both internally and with the rest of the canonical letter, once one notices the very careful manner in which Paul distinguishes between and handles three groups: (i) the Corinthians as such, a group that includes his ‘own people’ and sometimes also (ii) his internal critics; and (iii) the rival missionaries. The four chapters are built over a set of four motifs: 2nd or 3rd person? absence or presence? meekness or boldness? building up or tearing down? In light of this, one finds the following structure: A (10.1–11) on the i- and ii-groups; B (10.12–11.21), C (11.22–12.10), and D (12.11–13) on the iii- and i-groups; and E (12.14-13.13) on the i- and ii-groups. The four chapters – and indeed, the letter as a whole – have an inner dynamic that reaches its writerly goal in the comparison of Paul to the iii-group (C). The final, rhetorical aim, however, consists in establishing the proper relationship between Paul himself and the i-group as he is about to reach Corinth once more in the flesh.

How do cohesion features inform science instruction for English learners?: A comparison study of digital and printed science texts

ABSTRACT Cohesion plays an important role in science texts as their comprehension depends much on structural and textual signalling, which demonstrates the organisation of the text, the logical links of ideas, and the intended purpose of the writer. Particularly, research has shown that English learners (ELs) rely more on cohesive markers than their English-speaking peers during the reading process. To promote students’ reading comprehension in science, understanding how cohesion features are used to construct texts and providing pertinent instructions are important for practitioners. This study investigated a series of cohesion features commonly adopted in middle school science texts in the U.S. – in digital and printed texts respectively, through Coh-Metrix – and compared their frequency using Hotelling’s T-Squared test. This study is one of the pioneer studies that incorporated digital texts for cohesion analysis. Inclusion of the digital texts is meaningful as the pandemic facilitated technology uses in the U.S public school and elsewhere. Results showed that (1) commonly used cohesion features included additive connectives, 2nd person pronouns, and local referential cohesion, and (2) compared with the printed version of science texts, the digital version presented higher cohesion as indicated by index scores. The instructional implications for practitioners are discussed.

Discourse function of personal pronouns in a slavic pro-drop language: Evidence from Croatian L1 argumentative writing

Abstract At the discourse level, personal pronouns have been acknowledged as one of the most important features used to express writer visibility – involvement of the author in the text. Studies have shown that writer visibility depends on discourse type, cultural conventions, writer’s L1, etc. (Petch-Tyson 1998; Ädel 2001; Rodríguez, Vázquez and Guzmán 2011; Zolotova 2014). This paper investigates the discourse function of personal pronouns in argumentative writing in the Croatian language, a Slavic pro-drop language. For the purpose of this paper argumentative essays written by Croatian native speakers (N=100) are analysed for the frequencies of 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns and their discourse functions. The results confirmed low frequency of 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns in the corpus, with the dominance of the 1st person singular personal pronoun I. The qualitative analysis shows that the pronoun I is most frequently used to express discourse functions of writer’s stance and writer’s experience, whereas all of the other pronouns were used mostly to express more general claims. The obtained results gave more insight into the use of personal pronouns in a pro-drop language and confirm cultural and linguistic influences on argumentative writing in the first language.

І және ІІ Мемлекеттік думаға сайлау кампаниясы — Дала өлкесі халықтарының қоғамдық белсенділігінің көрінісі ретінде: мәселелері және маңыздылығы

The results of the elections to the 1st and 2nd State Duma and the election campaigns showed the interest of the population of the Steppe Territory in democratic changes. This led to the fact that even with curtailed voting rights and obstacles posed by the administration, the majority elected to the 1st and 2nd Dumas persons who enjoyed authority among the population and advocated transformations in the socio-political system of tsarist Russia. The article describes the election campaigns, which were indicators of the social activity of the inhabitants of the Steppe region. The authors show that during the elections to the 1st and 2nd State Dumas, the progressive Kazakh democratic intelligentsia, which called for the use of the Duma to protect the rights of nomads, intensified its activities.

DOUBLE CASE MARKING IN THE PERMIAN LANGUAGES

The article is devoted to the study of word forms containing two or more different case suffixes. The types of double case marking have been identified, the area of their distribution has been clarified. It is established that the majority of typologically distinguished types of double case marking are represented in the Permian languages and their dialects: 1) elliptical (Simple headless adnominal) is represented in all Permian languages, it is widely used in the Udmurt language; 2) derivational takes place in the Komi languages during the formation of separate case forms of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural; 3) the addition of locative suffixes (Case stacking) was characteristic of the early stages of the Permian languages. A typical example is the indicators of approximative-locative cases of the Komi languages, formed as a result of merging of the approximative suffix and suffixes of other locative cases, cf. керка-лань ‘towards the house’, керка-ланьысь 'from the house’, керка-ланьын 'near the house', etc.; 4) duplication of the vertex case with a nominal dependent (Headed adnominal with a case-marked head) is observed only with inversion and parcellation; 5) pleonastic (a combination of two case suffixes duplicating the same meaning). The duplication of the morphological expression of the case is fixed (in the Komi-Zyryan language, the suffixes of the genitive and the dative of nouns are added to the forms of the genitive and the dative of personal and intensifying personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular) and the double expression of the semantic-syntactic function of the case (in the Komi-Zyryan language, the suffixes of the elative and the comparative can be used simultaneously when expressing the comparative meaning). The properties of case suffixes in various types of double case marking and the possibility of their further development are noted. The empirical basis for the study was the original texts in the Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permian and Udmurt languages from printed sources and electronic corpora.

Grammatical Features of the Moscow Edition of the Trebnik in the Middle of the 17th Century (on the Material of a Comparative Study of Trebnik by Nikon in 1658 and Trebnik by Peter Mohyla in 1646)

The paper studies the grammar features that characterize the Moscow revision of the Book of Needs (Trebnik), composed under patriarch Nikon (1658). The research is based on a comparison of Nikon’s and Peter Mogila’s (1646) Trebniks. The study confirmed the scientific statement that Nikonian editors revised the Trebnik in accordance with the recommendations of the Moscow edition of M. Smotritsky’s Grammar. This is shown, for example, in the use of certain endings in the nominal and adjective declension and of the imperative indicator (in the verbs of the first conjugation in the 1st and 2nd persons of the plural). The emergence of hyper-correct phenomena points at to obligatory character of the corrections. One of the main directions of the Nikonian edition was the elimination of grammatical variability and homonymy. To this end, editors fixed one form for expressing grammatical meaning in those cases when the grammar allowed variations, for example, the use of the ending -ѣхъ in the local masculine and neuter plurals, the elimination of the enclitic forms of personal pronouns in the dative case in the adnominal position and their replacement by possessive pronouns, the use of reflexive verbs to express passive in place of combinations of passive participles with the verb byti (быти).

Psycholinguistic changes in the communication of adolescent users in a suicidal ideation online community during the COVID-19 pandemic

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, increases in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in adolescents have been registered. Many adolescents experiencing suicidal ideation turn to online communities for social support. In this retrospective observational study, we investigated the communication—language style, contents and user activity—in 7975 unique posts and 51,119 comments by N = 2862 active adolescent users in a large suicidal ideation support community (SISC) on the social media website reddit.com in the onset period of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found significant relative changes in language style markers for hopelessness such as negative emotion words (+ 10.00%) and positive emotion words (− 3.45%) as well as for social disengagement such as social references (− 8.63%) and 2nd person pronouns (− 33.97%) since the outbreak of the pandemic. Using topic modeling with Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), we identified significant changes in content for the topics Hopelessness (+ 23.98%), Suicide Methods (+ 17.11%), Social Support (− 14.91%), and Reaching Out to users (− 28.97%). Changes in user activity point to an increased expression of mental health issues and decreased engagement with other users. The results indicate a potential shift in communication patterns with more adolescent users expressing their suicidal ideation rather than relating with or supporting other users during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AWS IoT Core and LoRaWAN Based Sensory Network system for Military Search and Rescue Missions

The Indian armed forces is the second largest Military force in the world comprising of 1.4 million+ personnel’s (Active force) and 1.1 million+ reserved personnel’s. Apart from their duty of safeguarding its borders, the Military personnel’s are also engaged in Search and Rescue operations (SAR) across the globe. The SAR is conducted both for Military personnel’s and Civilians. The search and rescue operations are carried on varied demographic regions ranging from Snow areas ( -500 C) to Deserts ( +550 C), also SAR is conducted during natural calamities like Earthquake, Floods, Tsunami, Avalanche, Landslides etc. But the main challenge for any Military personnel in SAR is to identify whom to rescue first. By saying this we mean that if the personnel has the knowledge about the Vitals of the individual he/she is rescuing then he/she will be able to assess the gravity of the situation through those vitals. Vitals like SP02, Blood Pressure, Pulse rate can predict the survivability factor of the individual. So it means that if out of three individuals the Vitals of 1st person are serious and Vitals of the 2nd Person are Normal and the Vitals of the 3rd Person are Null, then it can be predicted that the 1st person should be rescued first and the 2nd person be rescued Second and the 3rd person whose Vitals are Null can be presumed dead and shall be rescued at the last. Now the main challenge comes, and that is how to gather those Vitals. The answer to this problem has been suggested through the experiments conducted in this paper. This paper suggests for a wireless sensor wrist band supporting LoRaWAN protocol ( Long Range Wide Area Network). The LoRaWAN uses LoRa Radio to transmit in low power at long-range wide area network. The aforementioned wristband shall transmit data to the AWS Cloud using AWS IoT Core. The AWS Cloud will aggregate the data received from all the people wearing the wrist band. From the aforesaid data those persons can be easily identified whose Vitals are critical. This will prove to be a Life Saver for Armed forces.

Theresentences in extreme southern Italy

AbstractAmong the morpho-syntactic patterns by which Italo-Romance varieties codetheresentences, a peculiar structure surfaces in extreme southern varieties, particularly in Salento and in southern Calabria: this involves an invariable 3rd person form of the outcome ofhabēreas the copula, with no agreement with the postcopular nominal, the so-called pivot. Even though this pattern is attested in other Romance languages too, it proves, however, to be peculiar, insofar as it hosts top-ranking definite NPs (especially 1st and 2nd person pronouns), which are generally disallowed within ‘to have’theresentences in the Romance varieties. In the present paper, we infer that this pattern depends on the contact with Italo-Greek, which displays similar constructions, with an invariant 3rd sg. form of ‘to have’, the lack of the proform and the pivot marked as accusative. However, a diachronic investigation reveals that neither the extreme southern Italo-Romance varieties nor Italo-Greek displayed in their Medieval stage a similar construction, since both of them exhibited the definiteness effect. Sociolinguistic factors can account for how the two systems influenced each other by ruling out the definiteness effect from the respective patterns at the end of the interference process.

Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection Induced First Episode Psychosis: A Case Series

Aims: We presented 3 similar cases of 1st episode psychosis that occurred after Corona Virus Disease -2019 (COVID-19) infection which we treated at our institute’s on going post-COVID-19 mental health clinic, to provide more evidence to the existing literature and to describe whether an asymptomatic COVID-19 infection can also induce psychosis in previously healthy individuals and tried to elaborate the probable etiology and nature of the psychotic symptoms.
 Presentation of the Cases: All the 3 cases had COVID-19 infection, few days before their psychotic symptoms started for the 1st time. They didn’t have any history of regular substance or medication use that are known to induce psychosis or any previous history of psychiatric disease or family history of psychiatric disease, without any abnormality in physical examinations and laboratory investigations. All the cases had history of stress which were not overwhelming (except the 3rd case) and were mostly related to COVID-19 infection and pandemic associated social and financial stress. 1st case (54 years, married male) developed delusion of persecution, delusion of reference, 2nd and 3rd person auditory hallucinations, 2nd case (61 years, widower male) developed delusion of persecution, 2nd person auditory hallucination (commanding type), disinhibited behaviour (disrobing in public) and the 3rd case (32 years, unmarried male) developed delusion of persecution and delusional misidentification (Intermetamorphosis). All of them responded well to commonly used antipsychotics within 4 weeks that prompted a diagnosis of Acute and Transient Psychotic disorder according to ICD-10 criteria.
 Discussion: This study points out that even an asymptomatic COVID-19 can induce psychosis for the first time in life, where the etiology most probably is the direct effect of the virus itself on brain or the COVID-19 and pandemic related stress which is supported by the fact that factors like family history of psychiatric disease, substance use or medication use or any comorbidity that can induce psychosis were also absent. The psychopathological findings were persecutory delusion and auditory hallucinations with one case having Intermetamorphosis phenomenon which is a rare finding and perhaps a novel finding in post-COVID-19 Psychosis.
 Conclusion: All COVID-19 infected individuals should be screened early for appearance of any symptom that raises the suspicion of psychosis. Large studies are needed to ascertain the etiology of post-COVID-19 psychosis.

Allocutive imposters in the form of referent honorification

A special class of honorific constructions in Korean, dubbed as allocutive imposters in this paper, has the form of referent honorifics but expresses respect to the addressee. Allocutive imposters have unique properties that distinguish them from the well-known honorific constructions, referent honorifics and addressee honorifics. Furthermore, they are uniquely sales speech register. Focusing on their marked pragmatic function of being used only in sales discourse, this paper builds on Portner, Pak and Zanuttini (2019, 2022), a functional head c in the left periphery encodes [Formal] and [Status] features and contends that first, these features, in particular, the [Formal] feature which represents the source social relation between the speaker and addressee, can be utilized to encode the markedness of the allocutive imposters. Second, allocutive imposters have a clausal structure with multiple subject positions, the higher position of which is occupied by a null DP with 2nd person features that require checking by the Addressee in the left periphery. It will be shown that the proposed analysis provides an account for the unique properties of allocutive imposters without invoking any special syntactic mechanism.

A grammatical investigation of possessive cases in English and Okpameri

Possessive cases are words that indicate or show possession. Hence, “hers”, “her” and “Ojo’s” are some examples of possessive cases. These possessive cases indicate grammatical property of language. The usage of these cases in utterance varies in languages. Hence, they variations often pose problem to ESL learners. Predicating on Contrastive Analysis Theory, the study generated Okpameri data from oral sources and participatory observation of the researchers in natural Setting. English data were got from the English grammar texts. The areas of investigation were Possessive Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Nouns. From the findings, the two languages under study are grammatically marked for possessive cases with reference to 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural numbers. However, the usage of these cases differs. While English is gender sensitive, this is not so in Okpameri language as Okpameri resorts to using uni-gender to indicate possession. Okpameri possessive pronouns and adjectives have different morphological forms representing persons (e.g 1st person singular). Not all forms of possessive cases are capable of co- occuring with every noun. While Okpameri distinguishes between subject and complement possessive cases, this is not so in English. The study, therefore, suggests that language teachers, particularly, English language experts should adopt systematic approach to the teaching of possessive cases as this will further broaden the Okpameri ESL learners’ knowledge on how to use the English possessive cases.

Paradigmatic Uniformity: Evidence from Heritage Speakers of Spanish

Subject-verb agreement mismatches have been reported in the L2 and heritage literature, usually involving infinitives, analyzed as default morphological forms for fully specified T-heads. This article explores the mechanisms behind these mismatches, testing two hypotheses: the default form and the surface-similarity hypotheses. It compares non-finite and finite S-V mismatches with subjects with different persons, testing whether similarity with other paradigmatic forms makes them more acceptable, controlling for the role of verb frequency. Participants were asked to rate sentences on a Likert scale that included (a) infinitive forms with first, second and third person subjects, and (b) third person verbal forms with first, second and third person subjects. Two stem-stressed verbs (e.g., tra.j-o ‘brought.3p.past’) and two affix-stressed verbs (e.g., me.ti-o ‘introduced.3p.past’), varying in frequency were tested. Inflectional affixes of stem-stressed verbs are similar to other forms of the paradigm both phonologically and in being unstressed (tra.j-o ‘brought.3p.past’ vs. trai.g-o ‘bring.1 p.pres’), whereas affixes of affix-stressed verbs have dissimilar stress patterns (me.ti-o ´introduced.3p.past’ vs. me.t-o ‘introduce.1p.pres’). Results show significantly higher acceptability for finite vs. non-finite non-matching, and for 1st vs. 2nd person subjects. Stem-stressed verbs showed higher acceptability ratings than affix-stressed ones, suggesting a role for surface-form correspondence, partially confirming previous findings.

Nominal subject with a verb predicate in the 1st person plural (Russian Odni baby zhivem)

The grammatical category of person is a powerful shifter tool: it contributes to the organization of a speech act, distributes roles among its participants and regulates their speech behaviour. Means of the category of person are primarily verbal inflections and personal pronouns. At the same time, there are relations of additional distribution between the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person and substantives: where it is possible to use forms of the 1st and 2nd person, it is impossible to use nouns. This is the fundamental difference between the 1st and 2nd persons, which serve to designate the participants in the speech act, and the 3rd person as a ?minus sign? that serves the purposes of the referential nomination. However, the material of the Slavic languages provides additional facts that require explanation. Professor Predrag Piper drew attention to Slovenian constructions in which a noun in the subject position is combined with a predicate in the form of the 1st person plural of the verb: Slovenci dobro smucamo. Similar constructions can be found in the modern Bulgarian language: ??????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???, ? ?????? ??????, etc. Rarely are such instances to be found in Russian texts: ???? ???? ?????. As prerequisites and typological background for explaining these phenomena, the article considers the following grammatical features of the Slavic languages: a) personal pronoun ellipsis, b) formation of a special concept of a collective (plural) subject, c) addition of the list of hidden grammatical categories, d) weakening of syntactic links between the constituents of the sentence, e) the breadth of the meaning of the 1st person plural form.

Subjective and Objective Orientation in Space by Means of Pronominal Deixis in Danish

The article focuses on the three-term model of a communicative situation and its role in the restructuring of the system of deictic pronouns in the Danish language. It is argued that in addition to binary oppositions that indicate close (denne, dette, disse) or remote (den, det, de) location of an object in physical space modern Danish develops a three-term opposition of analytical demonstrative pronouns (complex demonstratives), reflecting the interaction between the three participants in a communicative act: the speaker, the listener and the external world. The study of analytical demonstrative pronouns in the Corpus of Modern Danish (Korpus DK) shows that complex demonstratives that combine two indicators of proximal deixis (denne her, dette her, disse her) are used as subjective markers of the 1st person, signaling that the deictic object intrudes into the speaker's personal space. Complex demonstratives that combine indicators of proximal and distal deixis (den her, det her, de her) are used as cohortatives, signaling the compatibility of perception of the deictic object by the addresser and the addressee. Complex demonstratives that combine indicators of the distal deixis (den der, det der, de der) serve as signals of a subjectively withdrawn or alienated object. Thus, the paradigm of complex demonstratives in the Danish language based on the idea of three “spatial belts” is established: the personal space of the speaker (1st person), the common space of communication shared with the addressee (2nd person) and the external space into which the speaker mentally remotes reproved or alienated deictic objects (3rd person).

ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ЯВЛЕНИЯ, ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ К КАТЕГОРИИ ЛИЦА

The article deals with the language entities: lexemes, phraseological units grammar categories syntactic constructions that can change their meanings in the speech situation when they are related to the category of person. That means that the nuances, meanings or connotations can emerge when they concern the Speaker or the Hearer. The article reveals such changes when it goes about evaluation – the sense of appreciation or disgust. In fact some lexemes or phraseological units are hardly possible when used with the first person, e.G. Ya krasotka (‘I am a beauty’). Still the pragmatic studies make it possible to reveal the intentions that appear by such usage. There can be sarcasm, but also remorse and some other intentions that are analyzed in this article. The same analysis is provided for the usage of lexemes and phraseological units in the context of the 2nd Person i/e/ connected with the Hearer. Not only negative but also positive evaluation is taken into consideration. Some cases of evaluation implemented into grammar categories are also analyzed/ These are forms of the Conditional Mood expressing wish (the meaning of Optative). The difference between evaluation expressed by the basic meaning of lexemes and grammemes and that in connotations is revealed. The conclusion is formulated about the cultural specifics of evaluation expressed by connotations that emerge in some pragmatic contexts connected with the Speaker and the Hearer.

ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СВОЕОБРАЗИЕ КАТЕГОРИИ ЛИЦА В РУССКОЙ ГРАММАТИКЕ: ЭКСПАНСИЯ В СИНТАКСИС, МАКСИМАЛЬНАЯ В СЛАВИИ АКТИВНОСТЬ БЕССУБЪЕКТНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ, РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ ИРРЕАЛЬНЫХ МОДАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

The restructuring in the system of verb tenses, which took place in the separate history of the Slavic languages, led in a number of languages to the loss of grammatical person indicators s in some predicative models and to the activation of impersonal and subjectless sentences. If in the Proto-Slavic and Old Russian languages in all forms of the past tenses the meaning of the person was present, then in the Russian language, in place of the four past tenses, one perfect was preserved, in which the link present time from the verb *byti, which explicitly expressed the meaning of the person, was gradually lost. The linguistic consciousness of the speakers got used to the indistinctness of the grammatical person, which led to the emergence of structurally diverse and widely used non-subjective sentences. According to the repertoire of models of subjectless sentences, the Slavic languages are close to each other, but differ in the activity of the models. The occurrence of infinitive and mononuclear sentences with a verbal predicate in the 2nd person singular increases in the direction from Slovenian to Polish and further to Russian. In the aspect of areal-diachronic differences between the Slavic languages, the considered facts show that in the direction from west to east (from Slovene to Polish and further to Russian) there is a typological tendency to weaken the inflectional nature of the grammatical category of a person and to blur the basic meanings of a person.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ТЫ-/ВЫ-ФОРМ В РУССКОЙ И ИТАЛЬЯНСКОЙ ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРАХ

This paper presents the first part of research on the particularities of Ty-/Vy you/polite You, both 2nd person singular in the Russian and Italian languages. Far from the ambition of presenting the definitive account of the subject matter, the author identifies the main issues related to the investigation of these lexico-grammatical forms functioning in speech. Thus, such investigation of this matter implies researcher’s focus on: (1) particularities of Ty-/ Vy-functioning as the means of speech etiquette, specifically, in the functions of addressing, as well as in the concrete speech acts, in which the choice of the pronoun determines the grammatical realization of the statement (for instance, a request), (2) contextual meanings of these forms in cases when they serve as the means of an expressive function and the description of their peculiarities of their use in Russian in rigid phraseological units. At present, a contrastive analysis of concrete speech acts appears promising (and productive) method of interpretation of the national speech etiquette specifics. The paper presents the results of the study on the peculiarities of the use of the Ty-/Vy-forms as the means of speech etiquette in concrete situations of verbal communication. Comparative (contrastive) analysis of Russian and Italian allows to demonstrate the specifics of these two forms in either of the studied linguistic cultures. An additional focus of this paper is the investigation of the recent trends in the use of these forms in contemporary Italian. The study revealed the similarities and differences in Russian and Italian communicative behavior. The findings of the study can be applied in the context of teaching the etiquette of crosscultural communication and Russian-Italian translation.

ЕСТЬ ЛИ КАТЕГОРИЯ ЛИЦА В ЯПОНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ?

It is well-known that the category of person is considered one of the main grammatical categories of verb. The European linguistic tradition singled this category out from its beginning. Some European and American grammars of Japanese recognized the grammatical category of person (B.Y. Chamberlain, A. Rose-Inness, T. Navron-Voytinskaya). However the categories of etiquette (politeness) are mixed with person. Japanese has the developed system of the designation of social attitudes between the speaker and other persons (interlocutors or objects of speech). The cause of the confusion is the influence of the grammatical system of the European languages on the investigators. However the opposition of the forms of 1st person and 2nd person exists in the imperative, and such forms are numerous: kake ‘write!’ (rude), o-kaki kudasai ‘write!’ (polite), kakoo ‘let us write’. The opposition of personal pronouns of all the persons exist too although they are not very common in Japanese.