2D Resistivity Research Articles

Estimation of Geotechnical Parameters for Coal Exploration from Quasi-3D Electrical Resistivity Measurements

Geotechnical parameters are crucial for mine planning and operation at different stages of development. However, estimating these parameters requires a large number of boreholes and subsequent detailed analysis of the samples, making it a cumbersome exercise. Moreover, even after conducting these studies, it is not possible to cover the entire operational area. To address this issue, this study presents an indirect method of estimating geotechnical parameters through mathematical relations using resistivity data. The present study incorporated 2D and 3D subsurface imaging techniques for exploring coal reserves and analyzing geotechnical parameters that define subsurface soil properties. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was utilized for data acquisition, employing a Dipole–dipole array with a multielectrode ABEM Terrameter LS instrument. Six parallel profiles were conducted, each 400 m in length, with an inter-electrode spacing of 10 m and a spacing of 50 m between profiles. These profiles were combined into a 3D dataset referred to as quasi-3D ERT. The inversion process for both 2D and 3D data was performed using the Res2dinv and Res3dinv programs, respectively. This study overcame the challenges of 2D resistivity sections by evaluating horizontal depth slices in the x-z plane from layers 1 to 10, reaching a depth of 81.2 m. The geotechnical parameters, including cohesion, friction angle, moisture content, and plastic index, were derived from the resistivity data. The ERT method proved to be cost-effective and efficient in determining soil properties over a large area compared with traditional laboratory analysis of borehole samples. Additionally, the variation of geotechnical parameters with resistivity values exhibited unique characteristics. The results from both the 2D and quasi-3D ERT were well correlated with the borehole data. Such studies are valuable for resource exploration and mine planning purposes.

Three-Dimensional Resistivity and Chargeability Tomography with Expanding Gradient and Pole–Dipole Arrays in a Polymetallic Mine, China

Three-dimensional resistivity/chargeability tomography based on distributed data acquisition technology is likely to provide abundant information for mineral exploration. To realize true 3D tomography, establishing transmitter sources with different injection directions and collecting vector signals at receiver points is necessary. We implemented 3D resistivity/ chargeability tomography to search for new ore bodies in the deep and peripheral areas of Huaniushan, China. A distributed data acquisition system was used to form a vector receiver array in the survey area. First, by using the expanding gradient array composed of 11 pairs of transmitter electrodes, we quickly obtained the 3D distributions of the resistivity and chargeability of the whole area. Based on the electrical structure and geological setting, a NE-striking potential area for mineral exploration was determined. Next, a pole–dipole array was employed to depict the locations and shapes of the potential ore bodies in detail. The results showed that the inversion data for the two arrays corresponded well with the known geological setting and that the ore veins controlled by boreholes were located in the low-resistivity and high-chargeability zone. These results provided data for future mineral evaluation. Further research showed that true 3D tomography has obvious advantages over quasi-3D tomography. The expanding gradient array, characterized by a good signal strength and field efficiency, was suitable for the target determination in the early exploration stage. The pole–dipole array with high spatial resolution can be used for detailed investigations. Choosing a reasonable data acquisition scheme is helpful to improve the spatial resolution and economic efficiency.

An Integrated Microgravity and Soil Analysis Methods to Assist the Resistivity Profiles Interpretation in an Engineering Site Southern Baghdad, Iraq

A 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging survey was conducted at the Al-Jadiriya Campus of Baghdad University. The 2D resistivity survey was achieved on two profiles using the Wenner- Schlumberger configuration. The length of each profile is 80 meters, and the spacing between adjacent electrodes is 1 mr. The obtained resistivity data were interpreted using the RES2DINV program. Both profiles show high resistivity anomaly at depths more than 6 meters, extending from a distance of 32-44 m and 37-44 mrs for profiles 1 and 2, respectively. In addition to the deep anomalies, there are many shallow high-resistivity anomalies. A microgravity survey was carried out for a distance of 20- 60 m along the two profiles to check the nature of the deep high resistivity anomaly. The gravity profiles showed many positive gravity anomalies reflected the effect of shallow sources, which coincide with the shallow relatively high resistivity anomalies. Many soil samples were analyzed chemically and sedimentologically to investigate soil homogeneity. It is found that the soil is homogenous, composed mainly of silt and clay. According to the integrated interpretation of resistivity, gravity, and soil analyses, it is found that the high resistivity anomaly is related to dry compacted soil mass, which is indicated in the gravity study. This study confirms the importance of integrated research to access better geophysical interpretation. The water table level in the study sites ranges 5.6–6.2 ms.

Presupposition of Slip Plane Using the 2D Resistivity Method with Dipole-Dipole Array in Jahiang Village, Salawu District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province

Presupposition of Slip Plane Using the 2D Resistivity Method with Dipole-Dipole Array in Jahiang Village, Salawu District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province

Application of Integrated Geophysical Methods in Groundwater Exploration in Adamawa State University, Mubi

Mubi area falls within the Hawal Precambrian basement terrain where groundwater occurs within the overburden, fractures and weathered basement. In this area a lot of boreholes were drilled and failed due to the geology and ambiguity in geophysical data interpretation. Based on these challenges and the increase in population of students on campus necessitated the application of integrated geophysical methods to investigate groundwater potentials in Adamawa State University Mubi campus. The survey is to locate potential areas for borehole drilling. The method employed are Audio Magnetic Telluric (ADMT 600S-X) with powerful software ZondMT 1D and Electrical resistivity with IXD interpex software for data interpretation. The technique has provided information on the subsurface lithology & structures up to 300 m deep (Passive). While the electrical resistivity is an active geophysical method, this was used to confirm the potential areas identify by magnetotelluric profiles. In this study forty three (43) profiles were sounded using the magnetotelluric in which only nine (9) profiles indicates potential for groundwater. The nine (9) profiles were later confirmed with electrical resistivity method, this is to validate the results obtained from ADMT 600S-X. The results obtained are as follows: ADMT 600S-X for the nine (9) profile are;185 m, 210-300 m, 210 m, 210-300 m, 175 m, 195-300 m, 190-270 m, 215-300 m and 185 m and results from RESISTIVITY for VES (1-9) are; 150 m, 200-400 m, 300 m, 210-300 m, 180 m, 180m, 200 m, 250 m and 215. The study shows that the groundwater occurrence in the study area is confined to over burden, fractured and weathered zones. The results obtained from both case correlate well and these nine (9) points are recommended for drilling borehole to alleviate water scarcity on campus for students.

New MT surveys and 3D resistivity imaging beneath the Ngozi-Rungwe volcanoes at the triple rift junction of the East African Rift System in SW Tanzania: Support for integrated interpretations of geothermal conceptual models

The geothermal system related to the Ngozi and Rungwe volcanoes, SW Tanzania, lies at the intersection of the west and east branches of the East African Rift System and has been investigated by many geoscientists for decades. Here we present a 3D electrical resistivity model based on 190 magnetotelluric resistivity soundings that have been integrated with geochemical and geological results to support the development of the geothermal resource conceptual model presented here. The model includes two separate reservoirs, a larger system located beneath the Rungwe volcano and a smaller chloride water reservoir located under the Ngozi caldera, which contains a neutral chloride hot spring with geothermometry >230°C. An extensive conductive clay cap with variable thickness extends along the 30 km long NW-SE trending Ngozi-Rungwe Fault Zone from the Kiejo area SE of the Rungwe volcano to the Ngozi caldera. The absence of geothermal surface manifestations directly over the inferred Rungwe upflow zone is consistent with effective sealing of the proposed underlying geothermal reservoir by the clay cap. The scarcity of thermal manifestations on the up-dip margins of the low-resistivity clay cap can be explained by coincidence of the base of the clay cap with impermeable Precambrian formations and by structural boundaries. This interpretation implies that the area with the highest geothermal resource potential is the Rungwe volcano where proposed drilling sites might intersect the proposed high-temperature reservoir.

PyMERRY: A Python solution for an improved interpretation of electrical resistivity tomography images

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a widely used geophysical method for studying geologic hazards, civil engineering, and environmental remediation. It provides information about the subsurface’s resistivity distribution by analyzing electrical data collected at the surface or in boreholes. However, interpreting ERT images can be complex due to ambiguities in their resolution. To address this issue, we develop a postprocessing method called Python iMprovement of Electrical Resistivity tomography ReliabilitY (PyMERRY) to improve the reliability of ERT images. The PyMERRY code can be applied to any 2D resistivity model obtained from ERT inversion software. It computes a coverage mask that defines the domain well constrained by the data and the inversion process. It also evaluates the resistivity uncertainties in the ERT models. In addition to the sensitivity approaches, PyMERRY provides low- and high-resistivity values for all covered cells. Synthetic tests indicate that the approach is efficient and highlight the importance of resistivity contrasts, mesh selection, electrode spacing, and profile length in the reliability of ERT images. Compared with previous studies, using PyMERRY in south-central Bhutan allows a more accurate interpretation of ERT images. It confirms a high-resistivity contrast across the topographic frontal thrust and reveals the existence of small-scale variations.

Study on Resistivity Imaging of Urban Landfill Leachate Channel Using 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography with Annular Electrode Configuration

Urban garbage landfills are distributed mostly in a nearly circular shape with complex internal and external environments. The conditions on the top of the landfills are not conducive to the layout of electrical measuring lines and electrodes, resulting in difficulties in using the conventional linear or rectangular mesh high density electrical surveying system to achieve good results for the detection of leachate channel under the garbage body. This paper proposed 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method by annular electrode configuration with electrodes placed around the landfill. Through numerical simulation and indoor physical simulation experiments, we have discussed the feasibility and effectiveness of this method for circling the pollution range and channel location of landfill leachate. The study shows that the 3D ERT method with annular electrode configuration can effectively detect the spatial location and extension of garbage leachate channel, reflect the leakage of garbage leachate in landfills, and thus provide technical support for the fine detection of garbage leachate channel.

WITHDRAWN: Towards robotic laboratory automation Plug & play: Survey and concept proposal on teaching-free robot integration with the LAPP digital twin

Establishment of drug testing of patient-derived cancer cells (PDCs) in physiologically relevant 3-dimensional (3D) culture is central for drug discovery and cancer research, as well as for functional precision medicine. Here, we describe the detailed protocol allowing the 3D drug testing of PDCs – or any type of cells of interest – in Matrigel in 384-well plate format using automation. We also provide an alternative protocol, which does not require supporting matrices. The cancer tissue is obtained directly from clinics (after surgery or biopsy) and processed into single cell suspension. Systematic drug sensitivity and resistance testing (DSRT) is carried out on the PDCs directly after cancer cell isolation from tissue or on cells expanded for a few passages. In the 3D-DSRT assay, the PDCs are plated in 384-well plates in Matrigel, grown as spheroids, and treated with compounds of interest for 72 h. The cell viability is directly measured using a luminescence-based assay. Alternatively, prior to the cell viability measurement, drug-treated cells can be directly subjected to automated high-content bright field imaging or stained for fluorescence (live) cell microscopy for further image analysis. This is followed by the quality control and data analysis. The 3D-DSRT can be performed within a 1–3-week timeframe of the clinical sampling of cancer tissue, depending on the amount of the obtained tissue, growth rate of cancer cells, and the number of drugs being tested. The 3D-DSRT method can be flexibly modified, e.g., to be carried out with or without supporting matrices with U-bottom 384-well plates when appropriate for the PDCs or other cell models used.

Audio‐Magnetotelluric Survey for Groundwater Investigation in the Al‐Jaww Plain in Eastern Abu Dhabi, Al‐Ain, United Arab Emirates

AbstractThe United Arab Emirates (UAE), located in an arid climate zone with low rainfall, relies on shallow aquifers for freshwater. Understanding the depth and extent of such aquifers is crucial for meeting water supply needs. The UAE's hydrogeology is influenced by neighboring mountains in Oman. The Al‐Jaww Plain in southeast of Al‐Ain city is an essential groundwater source, characterized by a large, flat area of gravel and sand deposits from the Oman Mountains. This study aims to map groundwater aquifers in the Al‐Jaww Plain by integrating the audio‐magnetotelluric (AMT) method, seismic reflection profiling, and borehole data. AMT data were collected along an 11‐km ENE–WSW profile and a 2D resistivity model was generated. The resulting model delineates three distinct geo‐electrical zones from the surface to a depth of 5 km. First, a shallow layer with low resistivity (0–15 Ωm) represents the Quaternary and Pliocene aquifers, in addition to the Upper Cretaceous Simsima and Tertiary groundwater aquifer zone, extending to a depth of 1.5 km. Second, a moderately resistive layer (15–250 Ωm) is recorded beneath the first layer, corresponding to the Upper Cretaceous Aruma foreland basin sequence. Finally, a high‐resistivity region (>250 Ωm) at depths exceeding 3 km is attributed to the allochthonous Hawasina thrust sheet, which is associated with Late Cretaceous obduction of the Semail ophiolite. These findings have practical implications for managing groundwater resources in Al‐Ain.

Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Joint Geophysical and Geotechnical Landslide Characterization: A Case Study

Abstract Slope movement processes include complex soil and rock failure mechanisms. Their study benefits from a multidisciplinary approach based on a wide range of information including geological and geomorphological mapping, and geotechnical and geophysical investigations. This research paper focuses on the characterization of the Tamentout landslide that occurs in the southeast of Jijel province. The study area belongs to the Tellian domain in which the geological outcrops are dominated by Senonian formations, composed of marl deposits overlain by Numidian flysch of Aquitano-Burdigalian age, with a sloping topography ranging from 20° to 30°. The geophysical approach consists of processing the available geophysical data of resistivity, obtained by the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). This study aims to characterize the internal structure, and the changes in water saturation within the unstable mass and locate the depth of slip surface associated with this landslide. Through this work, we combined geological and geotechnical investigations with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). This combination gave a more detailed image of the substrate geology and structure of the landslide zone. The 2D resistivity results show that the basement consists of two main formations. The first one is a highly conductive formation with a resistivity range between 2 and 25 Ωm, a depth of 0-8 m, and is interpreted as a saturated marl-clay overlaying. The second, a hard and compact formation with a resistivity range between 50 and 200 Ωm and a depth range of 8 to 40 m, was interpreted as a substrate of tellian marls. The presence of boulders of Numidian sandstone within the two formations is materialized by a very high resistivity value ranging from 500 to 1000 Ωm. The slip surface was located on the layer with low resistivity (2-25 Ωm). The precise determination of the depth of the shear zone is of vital use in implementing mitigation measures and carrying out the stabilization work of this unstable zone. Through this work, we will highlight the advantage of the combination of available results of the geological, geotechnical investigations and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) carried out in the study area.

Transdimensional Bayesian Inversion and Uncertainty Estimation of DC Resistivity Data for Undercover Cavern Characterization

The presence of subsurface karst caverns could pose significant threat to highway construction safety, and the knowledge about the locations and volumes of the caverns is crucial for evaluating potentially hazardous areas. In this work, we present a transdimensional Bayesian approach for characterizing undercover caverns by inverting direct current resistivity data., This approach provides a robust measure of uncertainty associated with the resulting resistivity model. We evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm on a synthetic 2D resistivity model. The results demonstrate that quantitative uncertainty information on the derived model parameters is vital for reliable data interpretation and facilitates decision making.

Application of Vertical Electrical Sounding Method Using Damped Least-Square Inversion for Leachate Identification at Bakung Landfill, Lampung

This paper has reviewed the application of the damped least square inversion method for the VES (vertical electrical sounding) with Schlumberger array. The damped least squares solved using singular value decomposition were applied in Bakung Landfill to determine the aquifer contaminated by leachate. The ability of damped Least Squares inversion algorithm were verified using the resistivity variation of synthetic model which simulates aquifer layer of subsurface. Based on the results of 1D resistivity model, low resistivity zone can be used to identify the existence leachate contaminants of aquifer.

Effect of frequency combination on the resolution of 3D land-based CSEM and its optimal design

To maximize the parameter resolution of a 3D resistivity model, we present an experimental design algorithm to achieve a set of frequencies that is considered optimal for targeting the model by using a land-based controlled-source electromagnetic method (CSEM). An objective function (OF) is defined by combining the maximum energy and flatness of the singular values of a sensitivity matrix, which is used to evaluate the quality of one given survey layout. A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to minimize the OF searching for the optimal frequency combination. The novelty of our algorithm is extending the optimization theory for CSEM survey system from 1D model to the case of 3D model and by using genetic algorithm to deal with the optimization of a huge-scale unknowns. The algorithm can be applied in two fundamental scenarios, i.e., to select (1) the optimal transmission frequencies before field data acquisition and (2) the optimal inverted frequencies after field data acquisition. The algorithm is first tested with one synthetic example, and the results show that more frequencies and a wider band do not ensure an improvement of the inversion result, but instead increase the computational cost. A further tested with real data acquired in a net array shows the advantages of the optimized frequencies that improve the spatial resolution of the resistivity anomalies in the inversion model. Our study provides theoretical and methodological support for the frequency optimization of a land-based CSEM.

Delineation of Subsurface Migration Pathways of Petroleum Contaminants in Ikarama, Okordia Clan of Bayelsa State, Nigeria

One well-known cause of groundwater contamination in developing nations that produce oil is oil leaks. Oil leaks are typically caused by a variety of circumstances, such as inadequate management and upkeep of oil facilities, equipment failure, and pipeline vandalism by oil criminals. This research evaluates the movement of underground oil contaminants in an oil production field at the Okordia clan's Ikarama hamlet in the Yenagoa Local Government Area in the state of Bayelsa. Schlumberger array was utilized in order to apply the electrical resistivity tomography technique along three (3) VES surrounding the oil spill spot. Values for resistivity were found. In the locations under study, three (3) vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted. Comparison of theoretical soil resistivity to measured fluid resistivity for various caption exchange Values of capacity have been researched. The resistivity values, when reversed, ranged from 0.17 m to 146.8 m. The hydrocarbon contamination (oil plumes) is the cause of the high resistivity values (21.54 – 146.8 Ωm) and the low resistivity values (0.1–15.8 Ωm). The 2D resistivity approach is an effective tool for examining pollution caused by hydrocarbon in a coastal environment, as this study has proven.

Izod impact resistance of 3D printed discontinuous fibrous composites with Bouligand structure

The Bouligand structure found in the dactyl club of mantis shrimps is known for its impact resistance. However, Bouligand-inspired reinforced composites with 3D shapes and impact resistance characteristics have not yet been demonstrated. Herein, direct ink writing was used to 3D print composites reinforced with glass microfibers assembled into Bouligand structures with controllable pitch angles. The energy absorption levels of the Bouligand composites under impact were found to surpass those of composites with unidirectional microfiber alignment. Additionally, the Bouligand composites with a pitch angle of 40° exhibited a maximum energy absorption of 2.4 kJ/m2, which was 140% higher than that of the unidirectional composites. Furthermore, the characterization of the topography of the fractured surface, supplemented with numerical simulations, revealed a combination of crack twisting and crack bridging mechanisms. Flexural tests conducted on the composites with a pitch angle of 40° revealed that these composites had the strongest properties, including a flexural strength of 36.9 MPa, a stiffness of 2.26 GPa, and energy absorption of 8 kJ/m2. These findings are promising for the microstructural design of engineered composites using direct ink writing for applications in aerospace, transportation, and defense.

Crustal electrical structure and seismicity of the Weiyuan shale gas block in Sichuan Basin, southwest China

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing, a significant contributor to seismic activity within and around operational fields, has been extensively used in shale gas production. Magnetotelluric (MT) sounding is an effective geophysical tool for identifying high-conductivity fluid-filled and/or molten regions. In this study, we deploy a dense grid of rectangular MT sites to investigate the 3D geoelectrical resistivity structure beneath the Weiyuan shale gas block (WSGB) and subsequently examine the causes of seismic activity. The resistivity data, obtained through 3D inversion accounting for topography using ModEM, reveals a shallow low-resistivity layer (<10 Ω-m) within the WSGB, ranging from ∼2 to 5 km in depth. This layer exhibits multiple isolated areas with very low resistivity (<5 Ω-m), indicative of fluid-filled zones associated with hydraulic fracturing or shale gas-bearing formations. In the northwestern WSGB, the Weiyuan anticline presents a high-resistivity dome extending possibly to depths beyond 20 km, without extending beyond the northern boundary of our study area. Conversely, the sedimentary zone in the southeastern WSGB displays a low-resistivity feature, with an extremely low-resistivity center (<1 Ω-m). Since a consistent high-resistivity zone exists beneath each fault and its top depth is <5 km, so faults might not extend downward below 5 km. Earthquakes with magnitudes (ML) of 3.0 or higher predominantly occur close to the faults, when considering industrial production data, we found a noteworthy correlation between earthquakes with ML < 3.0 and annual shale gas production within the WSGB. Tectonic faulting is not the leading cause for ML < 3.0 earthquakes but likely the primary contributor to seismic events with ML ≥ 3.0.

Delineation of Leachate Zones Around a Dumpsite Using 2D Resistivity Method: A Case Study of Sabon Gari, Bauchi State, Nigeria

The electrical resistivity method was employed to delineate leachate zones in Sabon Gari, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. This involved the use of the 2D resistivity technique in specific locations within the study area. Two profile datasets were collected using the Wenner array with an Ohmega resistivity meter, covering a maximum distance of 100 meters. Subsequently, the 2D data obtained underwent interpretation through Res2Dinv and Surfer 11 software. The interpreted models revealed a leachate zone in profile 1, extending from a depth of 2 meters to 14 meters. In profile 2, the interpreted models displayed low resistivity in the topsoil due to the presence of water and ions in rock-bearing minerals, resulting in low resistivity from a depth of 1 meter to 12 meters. Notably, when this resistivity becomes exceptionally low (ranging from 0.47 Ωm to 7.10 Ωm), it indicates water contamination. In the event that drilling a borehole in the vicinity is deemed necessary, it is advisable to seal the near-surface water to prevent its infiltration into the borehole.

PENERAPAN METODE RESISTIVITAS KONFIGURASI SCHLUMBERGER UNTUK MENDETEKSI PERSEBARAN AIR LINDI (STUDI KASUS TPA TERJUN MARELAN)

Leachate has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer because it contains high levels of minerals and organic matter. In the leachate there are several compounds, namely heavy metal compounds, salts, nitrogen compounds and various types of other organic matter. Leachate leachate also contains very fine suspended matter from the decomposition of microbes, usually consisting of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Chloride, Sulfate, Phosphate, Zn, Ni, CO2, H2O, N2, NH3, H2S, Organic acids , and H2. This study aims to find out how the subsurface layer in the Medan Marelan Falls Landfill area, the distribution of leachate in the Medan Marelan Falls Landfill. 1D resistivity measurements were only carried out in the Medan Marelan Falls TPA area. The geophysical method used in this study is the Schlumberger configuration. This research was conducted at three points along the 200 meter track. on line I is at a depth of 6.92 m with a resistivity value of 3.16 Ωm with a North to South flow direction. On track II it is at a depth of 1.15 m, 4.53 m, and 22.1 m with a resistivity value of 1.5 Ωm, 2.25 Ωm, and 5.05 Ωm respectively with the North to West flow direction. On track III it is at a depth of 1.19 m, 20.8 m, and 53.9 m with resistivity values of 1.54 Ωm, 3.51 Ωm, and 1.13 Ωm respectively with North to West flow direction. The distribution of leachate at the Medan Marelan Falls TPA which dominates is on track III marked with black to bluish color images.

3D Resistivity Imaging Investigation for Engineering Construction Project Studies at Al-Muthana Airport in Baghdad, Iraq

Engineering project assessment at Al-Muthana Airport in Baghdad, Iraq, has been studied using a 3D electrical resistivity imaging survey. The site investigation is crucial for assessing the future of the region's infrastructures since it reveals the location of buried facilities or weak zones below the surface and measures localized groundwater levels. Wenner-Schlumberger array was used to conduct four parallel 2D electrical resistivity spreads (MU1 to MU4). Each spread line was 100 m in length with 1 m electrode spacing and an average spacing of 9 meters between any two adjacent lines. The depth of the investigation was around 23.8 m. Survey lines were drawn going from northwest to southeast. These spreads were combined to provide a 3D image of a 2700 m2 space.The robust inversion method and the inverse model generated using the standard least-squares method showed horizontal slices identified three zones with resistivity distribution ranging from 2 to 45.5 ohm.m. The first zone, from surface to 3.37 m, had relatively high resistivity of sandy silty clay soil with relatively low moisture content; the second zone, approximately from 3.37 to 12.2 m, had very low resistivity representing groundwater table; and the third zone, from 12.2 to 23.8 m representing high stiffness and density and relatively high resistivity due to gravel presence in the deposits. The second zone highlights potential risk zones for construction projects; as a result, it is advised that the zone surrounding the foundation be filled with a low permeability layer and that the towers be built on deep foundations.