28th Day Research Articles

Derajat Aglutinasi pada Pemeriksaan Golongan Darah Metode Tabung Berdasarkan Masa Simpan Test Sel A dan Test Sel B Hari Ke-0, Ke-2, Ke-4, Ke-6 dan Ke-8

Blood group examination is an examination that aims to determine the type of blood group. Cell test is a blood group examination reagent used to detect antibodies in the serum being examined. The long shelf life of cell tests that can only last for two days is considered less effective for agencies with a high level of blood services. The purpose of this study was to describe the degree of agglutination in blood group examination with cell test A and B stored on the 0th, 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th days. This study is a descriptive study with a Quasi Experimental research design. Test cell A and test cell B were made from red blood cell specimens of 3 blood type A and 3 blood type B respectively. Test cells are stored in a refrigerator with a temperature of 2-6° C. Test cells were then examined on the 0th, 2nd, 4th, and 6th day of storage. Calculation of samples and repetitions using the Federer formula with the number of treatments in this study is 5 treatments. Based on the calculation, one sample of test cell A and test cell B was obtained with five repetitions of each examination. The results showed that on the 0th, 2nd, 4th, and 6th day of cell test storage, the results of blood type examination were obtained, namely the degree of agglutination 4+ with erythrocytes in the cell test clumping into one bond, cells forming large agglutination with clear supernatant. On the 8th day of storage, the result of agglutination degree is 3+ with erythrocytes in test cells not clumping perfectly, there are erythrocyte granules and cloudy supernatant. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that test cell A and test cell B can be used optimally until day 6 storage.

Bioremediation of soils contaminated with nicosulfuron by the bacterial complex ES58

Nicosulfuron residues in soil can be harmful to the environment. In this study, acid-producing Klebsiella oxytoca ES5 and Klebsiella grimontii ES8 were isolated to construct the ES58 bacterial complex. The culture medium was optimized using response surface methodology, nicosulfuron degradation by ES58 reached 97.21% in 96h. The optimal degradation conditions were: temperature: 25℃, pH 6, initial nicosulfuron concentration: 50mgL-1 and inoculum volume: 2%. The two individual strains and the bacterial complex were tested for the ability of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, potassium decomposition and iron carrier production. The results revealed that both strains and the bacterial complex had the ability to promote the growth, with bacterial complex being more capable than the two individual bacterial strains. After 28 d of bioremediation of nicosulfuron-contaminated soil by ES58, degradation rate of nicosulfuron was 90.84% in the unsterilized soil. Furthermore, the remediation process restored the activities of catalase, invertase, dehydrogenase and urease in the soil. The ES5-specific gene budA and ES8-specific gene ldh were detected in the soil at the 28th day. ES58 exhibited different effects on the growth indexes of nicosulfuron-sensitive crops. The study provides a novel strategy for nicosulfuron degradation effective by constructing and utilizing bacterial complex.

Effects of Prenatal Methcathinone Exposure on the Neurological Behavior of Adult Offspring.

Our previous research has shown that prenatal methcathinone exposure affects the neurodevelopment and neurobehavior of adolescent offspring, but the study on whether these findings continue into adulthood is limited. This study aims to explore the effects of prenatal methcathinone exposure on anxiety-like behavior, learning and memory abilities, as well as serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine concentrations in adult offspring. Pregnant rats were injected daily with methcathinone between the 7th and 20th days of gestation. The neurobehavioral performance of both male and female adult offspring rats was evaluated by neurobehavioral tests, including open-field tests, Morris water maze (MWM) tests, and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine concentration in rat serum were detected by ELISA. Significant differences were found in the length of center distance and time of center duration in the open-field test, as well as the times of crossing the platform in the MWM test, between the prenatal methcathinone exposure group and the control group. Results of the NOR test showed that adult offspring rats exposed to methcathinone need more time to discriminate the novel object. No gender differences were detected in the neurobehavioral tests. The serum concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine in rats exposed to methcathinone prenatally were lower than that in the control group, and the serum dopamine concentration was independent of gender in each group. Prenatal methcathinone exposure affects the neurological behavior in adult offspring, and 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine might be involved in the process.

Comparative Analysis of the Strength of Concretes Made from Different Aggregates

The paper aimed to explore the replacement of river sand in concrete with iron fillings and sawdust at various percentages (10%, 20%, and 30%). The study used a 1:2:4 mix design and a water-cement ratio of 0.5. Wooden square cubes of dimensions 100 x 100 x 100 mm were employed, resulting in 42 concrete cubes. Tests were conducted to assess particle size distribution, specific gravity, bulk density, aggregate impact value, aggregate abrasion value, and compressive strength at 7th and 28th days of curing. Notably, after 7 days, compressive strength results showed that concrete with a 10% iron fillings replacement (18.5 N/mm²) had a higher average strength than concrete with 100% river sand (17.6 N/mm²). However, as the percentage of iron fillings increased to 20% (9.8 N/mm²) and 30% (7.1N/mm²), the compressive strength decreased. On the other hand, concrete with sawdust replacements at 10% (3.7 N/mm²), 20% (1.4 N/mm²), and 30% (0.5 N/mm²) exhibited significantly lower load-bearing capacity. These trends persisted at the 28th day, with the compressive strength decreasing with increasing percentages of iron fillings (10%: 20.3 N/mm², 20%: 11.2 N/mm², 30%: 11.6 N/mm²) and sawdust (10%: 3.4 N/mm², 20%: 2.3 N/mm², 30%: 1.4 N/mm²). The findings suggest that a low percentage of iron fillings can be used in combination with river sand to maintain load-bearing capacity, but sawdust or wood particles should be avoided as they adversely affect compressive strength. This research contributes valuable insights into the use of these materials in concrete mixtures.

Healing of chronic wounds at the remodeling stage: the ratio of hormonal and immune parameters

Background. Both patients and healthcare systems around the world experience the negative consequences of chronic wounds. Chronic wounds often precede serious events such as amputation and premature death. Objective: to study the relationship between endocrine factors (insulin and cortisol) and bioactive molecules (interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)), influencing the development of reparative processes of chronic wounds at the remodeling stage in an experiment, and to analyze the features of the histostructure of rat skin in the area of chronic wound healing. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 12 white rats. Animals were randomized into intact and experimental groups, with 6 participants in each group. Chronic wounds were induced in the experimental group. Rats were euthanized on the 28th day of the experiment. In the blood serum, the insulin, cortisol, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Histological examination was carried out using generally accepted methods. Results. It was shown that the concentrations of insulin, cortisol, and TGF-β1 in animals of the experimental group were almost doubled compared to intact rats. The level of IFN-γ in animals with wounds was 1.2 times lower than in intact rats. Microscopic examination showed that the wounds were at the stage of remodeling. At the same time, signs of inflammation are partially preserved, which may indicate chronicity of the reparative process. Conclusions. Understanding the mechanisms of reparative processes during wound healing will allow for the development of clinical protocols to improve care for patients with injuries.

Treatment with oclacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, down-regulates and up-regulates CD25 and Foxp3 expression, respectively, in peripheral blood T cells of dogs with atopic dermatitis

BackgroundOclacitinib (OCL), a Janus kinase inhibitor, is a novel immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive agent which is an approved as the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD) in dogs. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of OCL on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and their selected subsets under clinical conditions, i.e. in dogs suffering from AD, in terms of both safety and immune mechanisms underlying its therapeutic actions. Eight dogs were treated for 28 days with OCL at the recommended dose. Blood samples were taken at day 0, 7, 14 and 28.ResultsThe study showed that the mean percentage and absolute count of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on the 14th and 28th day of the treatment with OCL did not differ from the corresponding baseline values, i.e. those before the treatment. On the 7th day of the treatment, the mean absolute count of CD4+ T cells and the mean percentage and absolute count of CD8+ T cells were significantly increased. The research found that on the 14th day of the treatment, the mean percentage and absolute count of CD25+CD4+ and CD25+CD8+ T cells were significantly decreased; the reduction in the percentage of CD25+CD4+ T cells persisted on 28th day of the treatment. A two-week treatment with OCL resulted in an increase in the mean percentage of Foxp3+CD4+ T cells, and this effect was sustained at the last time point. The treatment with OCL decreased the eosinophil level but does not affect the absolute counts of basophils, monocytes and neutrophils.ConclusionsThe findings of the study strongly suggest that: (a) in terms of the impact of OCL on the number of PB CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, monthly treatment with the drug should be considered as a relatively safe; (b) the eosinophil-reducing effect and the down-regulation of the AD up-regulated CD25 expression on CD4+ Teff cells may constitute significant elements of the mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic effects of the drug in the treatment of canine AD; (c) the generation of inducible Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T cells - resulting in the shift of the CD4+ Treg cell (i.e. Foxp3+CD4+)/activated Teff (i.e. CD25+CD4+) cell balance toward an increased proportion of Treg cells - may be considered as additional mechanism involved in producing the immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive properties of OCL.

Potensi Sampah Organik TPS 3R Menjadi Biogas dan Pupuk (Studi Kasus: TPS 3R Kasih, Kabupaten Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta)

The generation of organic waste at TPS 3R Kasih increased and dominated but its separation has not been carried out optimally. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical characteristics of organic waste and analyze the potential for biogas that can be produced from organic waste anaerobically. The research method included sample collection using the purposive sampling method, surveys, and laboratory experiments using a batch or closed anaerobic reactor without any reactant movement to determine the potential for methane formation during 40 days of processing. The chemical characteristics of the slurry before and after processing were analyzed to determine its potential use after biogas formation as compost. The results showed that the slurry content before and after processing did not meet the fertilizer quality standards. Methane gas was formed starting on the 35th day in both reactors 1 and 2 with the highest concentration achieved at 1.2% of a mixture of organic waste, water, animal waste and EM4 with an optimum time of 40 days.

Evaluation of the Ability of Ameliorants to Influence the Biological Indicators and Hydrophobicity of Oil-Contaminated Haplic Chernozems

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to assess the ameliorants effect on the biological parameters and Haplic Chernozems hydrophobicity. In model experiment conditions, Haplic Chernozem was polluted by oil and remediation with application of nitroammophos, Sodium humate, biochar, and Baikal EM-1 was simulated during to 30, 90, and 180 days. Indicators of soils activity – germination and intensity indicators of initial seed growth, the activity of catalase and dehydrogenases, the total number of bacteria, hydrophobicity were studied. On the 30 and 90th days after remediation, the most significant reliable decrease in oil regarding was promoted by 2 D biochar. After 180 days of dose 1 D and dose 2 D nitroammophos, as well as 1 D Baikal EM-1, the total petroleum hydrocarbon content was reduced significantly. Baikal EM-1 and biochar contributes to the greatest decrease in hydrophobicity at all periods of the experiment to a greater extent. On the 30th day, the introduction of nitroammophos, biochar, and 1 D Sodium humate contributed to an increase in the integral indicator of the biological state of oil-contaminated Haplic Chernozem, on the 90th day, the introduction of all doses of biochar led to an increase in the indicator, and on the 180th – all doses of Baikal EM-1, and 0.5 D Sodium humate. The research results may be used when choosing a method of soil restoration after oil pollution.

Sudden Hearing Loss as the Initial Manifestation of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Sudden hearing loss rarely presents as an initial manifestation of a hematologic disorder, although it can result from various factors. A 48-year-old male had sudden hearing loss in both ears. The pure tone audiometry and audiometry brainstem response revealed profound hearing loss in both ears. Further examination indicated an elevated leukocyte count, and a temporal bone magnetic resonance image suggested potential bleeding in the cochlear and labyrinth of both ears. Upon consultation with hematologic oncology, chronic myeloid leukemia was diagnosed. Hearing loss in leukemia patients is attributed to leukemic infiltration, hemorrhage, infection, and hyperviscosity. Following treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, the leukocyte count was normalized. However, on the 90th day of treatment, both profound hearing loss persisted. We suspect that the cause of sudden hearing loss may be related to hemorrhage in both cochlear and labyrinth. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications.

Antibodies to HIV-1 gp120 in an experimental model of atherosclerosis caused by immunization with native high-density lipoproteins

Antibodies to bacterial and viral antigens are detected in some systematic autoimmune diseases in the absence of infection. Autoimmune MRL mice and patients with mixed connective tissue disease produce antibodies to gp120 HIV-1, despite the fact that they had never been exposed to HIV-1. Conversely, viral infections may be accompanied by pathological autoimmune reactions. Reactivity to viral antigens in autoimmune diseases and autoimmune reactions in viral diseases are caused by the induction of antibodies via idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions between autoclones and lymphocyte clones against foreign antigens or homology of foreign antigens and autoantigens. Cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis are currently one of the main causes of mortality in HIV infected patients. It is assumed that HIV infection accelerates atherogenesis. The mechanisms of the association between HIV infection and atherosclerosis are not completely clear. Chronic activation of the immune system, disturbance of cytokine regulation caused by HIV infection, induction of autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and antibodies to ApoB-D are considered as possible factors of atherogenesis in HIV infection. The aim of this research was to determine whether an atherogenic immune response against native human high-density lipoproteins (nHDL) could induce antibodies to gp120 HIV-1. Studies were conducted on model of autoimmune atherosclerosis caused by immunization with native human HDL in rabbits. Rabbits (n = 6) were one-time intradermally immunized with human nHDL at a dose of 200 μg of protein per animal in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. Antibodies to gp120 HIV-1 were measured before immunization of rabbits and on the 28th and 42th day after immunization with HDL, and antibodies to HDL were weekly measured within 42 days after immunization. Histological analysis of the aorta was conducted after eight months after immunization. Transient anti-gp120 HIV-1 antibody production was detected in rabbits immunized with native HDL. The appearance of antibodies to gp120 HIV-1 in response to immunization with native HDL which causes atherosclerosis suggests that the immune response to gp120 HIV-1 during HIV infection may be accompanied by the production of atherogenic antibodies to HDL. Consequently, the antibodies to native lipoproteins caused by an immune response against gp120 HIV-1 may be a factor in atherogenesis during HIV-1 infection.

Haematological, Serum biochemical indices and lipid profile of finisher broiler chickens fed red and white sorghum based diets, supplemented with tannase enzyme

A 28 days study was carried out to investigate the effects of red sorghum (RS) and white sorghum (WS) based diets, with or without tannase supplementation on the haematological, serum biochemical indices and lipid profile of finisher broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty (240) 4 weeks old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were allotted to eight (8) dietary treatments, which consisted of 30 birds, having 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Diets were formulated to replace maize with red and white sorghum at 4 levels (0%, 100%RS, 100%WS and 50%RS:50%WS), with or without tannase enzyme to have a 4x2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. On 28th day, blood was collected for determination of haematological, serum biochemical and lipid profile. Birds fed 100% RS diet and those fed 50RS: 50WS had the highest (P<0.05) white blood cell count (WBC), while the least WBC value was recorded for birds fed maize-based diet. Haematological indices were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the interaction between the sorghum type and tannase supplementation. Birds fed the maize-based diet without tannase had the highest (P<0.05) level of albumin (4.87g/dl), while birds fed 100%WS diet without tannase had the lowest value (3.33g/dl). The lipid profile of boiler chickens was not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by sorghum type, tannase supplementation and their interaction. It was concluded from the study that RS and WS, with or without tannase supplementation, can totally replace maize in the diet of finisher broilers without detrimental effect on the haematological, serumbiochemical indices and lipid profile.

Impact of Triclosan on Bacterial Biodiversity and Sediment Enzymes - A Microcosm Study.

Triclosan (TCS), a widely used antimicrobial biocide, has raised serious concern among the scientific community in recent years owing to its ubiquitous presence around the globe and toxicity to aquatic organisms. The current study investigated the alterations in bacterial diversity, nutrients, and sediment enzyme activity in TCS-exposed sediment. TCS concentrations of 3mg/L (T1) and 6mg/L (T2) were applied in a microcosm setup for 28 days to sediment collected from Versova Creek, Mumbai. Among sediment enzymes, dehydrogenase activity exhibited the greatest degree of variability in 3mg/L exposed sediment. Nitrite, total nitrogen and urease exhibited higher concentrations in 6mg/L TCS exposed sediment. The concentration of ammonia was observed to be decreasing in treatments exposed to 6mg/L TCS. Total heterotrophic bacteria exhibited an increase in count in T1 and a decrease in T2. Metagenomics data showed a higher relative abundance of bacteria in T1 compared to T2 on the 28th day of sampling. Proteobacteria was found to be the most abundant phylum in all samples, and their relative abundance was reduced by 0.14% in T1 and 5.48% in T2. The results confirm the alterations in the composition of sediment bacterial communities and their enzymatic activities due to TCS exposure.

Features of the growth and histostructure of the duodenum of japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) of the meat and universal direction

The article presents data on the relationship between the live weight, weight of the gastrointestinal tract and the productivity type of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica domestica). It is shown that during the first week of the experiment, quails of the universal (dual-purpose) productivity type developed faster than the meat quails in terms of live weight, however, by the age of 28 days, this indicator becomes higher in meat quails. This pattern persists until the end of rearing. The relative weight of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the duodenum, was higher in meat quails in the first week, and later it became less than in a universal type quail.The histological structure of the duodenum was also studied. On histological slides, the preservation of all layers of the duodenum is observed. The lamina propria of the mucosa is rich in lymphoid tissue. The submucosa is poorly distinguishable. The thickness of the mucosa of the duodenum prevailed throughout the experiment in quails of the universal type. In the first 7 days, the length of the duodenum villi was significantly higher than that of meat quails. The ratio of the length of the villi to the crypt increases with age in all groups of quails. In the first 7 days, this indicator was higher in quails of the egg-meat type, but by the 56th day it gradually leveled off. The depth of crypts (common intestinal glands) in the first week of growth prevailed in the intestines of meat quails (p ≤ 0.05).

An Improved Fick Model for Predicting Carbonation Depth of Concrete

Concrete carbonation can weaken its strength, cause the corrosion of steel reinforcement, and shorten its service life. Predicting the concrete carbonation depth is a critical aspect of assessing concrete durability. Currently, mathematical models for the concrete carbonation depth, exemplified by the Fick model, suffer from a low fitting accuracy and limited applicability due to the complexity and variability of concrete materials and service environments. In light of this, this work proposes an improved Fick model that incorporates a correction term to effectively enhance the curve fitting accuracy. The correction term in the improved model provides a reasonable adjustment for deviations in the development pattern of the concrete carbonation depth from the Fick model under different conditions, thereby broadening the applicability of the new model compared to the Fick model. Several sets of experimental data on the concrete carbonation depth are used to validate the universality and superiority of the new model. The results of the case studies indicate that the average prediction error and standard deviation of the new model are significantly smaller than those of the Fick model. For the first two examples, in most situations, the average prediction error and standard deviation of the new model are less than 50% of those of the Fick model, with the lowest average prediction error being only 4% and the lowest standard deviation being only 2% of the Fick model’s respective values. For the third example, the new model demonstrates superior predictive capability for the later-stage concrete carbonation depth compared to the Fick model and the ANN model. Specifically, for the carbonation depth of the concrete on the 56th day, the relative error between the predicted value of the new model and the measured value is only 2%, which is much smaller than the 27% of the Fick model and the 12% of the ANN model. These results demonstrate the unique advantage of the proposed model in predicting the carbonation depth, especially when only a limited amount of experimental data are available.

Impact of Probiotic and Bioprotective Cultures on the Quality and Shelf Life of Butter and Buttermilk

In this study, butter and the corresponding buttermilk samples were produced with cream fermented by aromatic (A) or probiotic (P) cultures with or without complementary bioprotective culture (BC). The samples were characterised for their composition and colour parameters. Texture and rheological properties were evaluated at 10 and 20 °C. Microbiological (lactobacilli, lactococci, and yeast and mould counts) and sensory (aroma, taste, texture, and global evaluation) analyses were also performed. All butter sample characteristics were in accordance with the Portuguese standard. Regarding colour, the sample obtained with cream fermented by probiotics plus bioprotective culture (PBC) presented higher L* and b* values, indicating a slightly higher yellow chroma. However, colour differences (ΔEab*) in the butter samples were, in most cases, not detectable by a common observer. Butter samples P and PBC presented a significantly higher viscous modulus and consequently higher dynamic viscosity values (ca. log 6.5 Pa.s at 10 °C and log 5 Pa.s at 20 °C). Butter samples presented a pseudoplastic behaviour, and rheological parameters showed a high dependence on temperature. The counts of lactobacilli and lactococci in the butter samples were of the order of log 7–8 CFU/g, while yeast and mould counts were lower than log 2 CFU/g until the 30th day of storage, after which they showed a sharp increase to ca. log 5 CFU/g between the 30th and the 60th days of storage. Regarding sensory attributes of butter, sample P received the highest overall liking, followed by samples ABC and PBC. Sample A was the least appreciated. Buttermilk samples presented significant differences regarding their composition, viscosity, and colour parameters. In all cases, lactobacilli and lactococci counts exceeded log 7 CFU/mL after 30 days of storage, but yeast and mould counts were of the order of log 5–6 CFU/mL at the 15th day of storage. Samples P and PBC presented yeast and mould counts ca. 1–2 log cycles lower than samples A and ABC, indicating the potential of probiotic and bioprotective cultures to extend the shelf life of the product. Regarding the sensory attributes of buttermilk, samples P and PBC received the highest overall liking, followed by sample ABC. Sample A received the lowest scores, as had occurred with the butter samples. However, in all cases, the scores obtained by the buttermilk samples were lower compared to the ones of the corresponding butter. It can be concluded that both probiotic butter and buttermilk present high levels of lactobacilli and lactococci and can maintain their probiotic potential throughout the storage period.

Cannabidiol partially rescues behavioral, neuroinflammatory and endocannabinoid dysfunctions stemming from maternal obesity in the adult offspring

Maternal obesity is known to increase the risk of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. While preventive measures are well-documented, practical approaches for addressing the damages once they are already established are limited. We have recently demonstrated the interplay between maternal obesity and treatment with cannabidiol (CBD) on neuroinflammation and peripheral metabolic disturbances during adolescence, however, it is known that both factors tend to vary throughout life. Therefore, here we investigated the potential of CBD to mitigate these alterations in the adult offspring of obese dams. Female Wistar rats were fed a cafeteria diet for 12 weeks prior to mating, and during gestation and lactation. Offspring received CBD (50 mg/kg) for 3 weeks from the 70th day of life. Behavioral tests assessed anxiety-like manifestations and social behavior, while neuroinflammatory and endocannabinoid markers were evaluated in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, as well as the biochemical profile in the plasma. CBD treatment attenuated maternal obesity-induced anxiety-like and social behavioral alterations, restoring exacerbated astrocytic and microglial markers in the hypothalamus, PFC and hippocampus of the offspring, as well as endocannabinoid levels in the PFC, with notable sex differences. Additionally, CBD attenuated plasma glucose and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) concentrations in females. These findings underscore the persistent influence of maternal obesity on the offspring's health, encompassing metabolic irregularities and behavioral impairments, as well as the role of the endocannabinoid system in mediating these outcomes across the lifespan.

The Impact of Short-Term Drought on the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Peanuts Grown in Saline Alkali Soil

Peanuts grown in saline alkali soil are also subjected to drought stress caused by water scarcity. Therefore, we used HY25 (peanut variety) as an experimental material to investigate the effects of drought on the height of peanut main stems, length of the first lateral branch, leaf area per plant, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, and accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products in saline alkali soil. The results showed that the combined stress of short-term drought and salt significantly reduced the main stem height, first lateral branch length, single plant leaf area, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and dry matter accumulation of peanuts, including a decrease in single plant pod yield, 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight, and peanut yield. And the impact of drought stress on peanut yield varies at different growth stages. For example, under drought stress alone, the sensitive period is the 40th day after planting (40D) > 60th day after planting (60D) > 30th day after planting (30D). Short-term drought has the greatest impact on peanut yield at 40D, while in contrast, resuming watering after drought at 30D results in a slight but not significant increase in peanut yield in comparison with the control. Under the combined stress of drought and salt, the sensitive period of peanuts was 40D > 30D > 60D, and the single pod weight of peanuts was significantly reduced by 15.26% to 57.60% from the flowering stage to the pod stage under drought treatment compared to salt treatment, indicating a significant interaction between drought and salt stress, reducing the single leaf area and net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves, ultimately leading to a decrease in peanut yield. Therefore, when planting peanuts in saline alkali soil, drought should be avoided, especially early drought, in order to prevent the combined effects of drought and salt stress from harming peanut yield.

The Impact of Homogenization Techniques and Conditions on Water‐In‐Oil Emulsions for Casein Hydrolysate–Loaded Double Emulsions: A Comparative Study

ABSTRACTThis study aims to evaluate homogenization techniques and conditions for producing stable, small droplet‐size water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions intended for incorporation into casein hydrolysate–loaded double emulsions. Three commonly used homogenization methods; rotor–stator, ultrasonic, and high‐pressure homogenization were individually optimized utilizing response surface methodology. Instances of over‐processing were observed, particularly with the rotor–stator and ultrasonic homogenizers under specific conditions. Nevertheless, optimal conditions were identified for each technique: 530 s at 17,800 rpm agitation speed for the rotor–stator homogenizer, 139 s at 39% amplitude for the ultrasonic homogenizer, and 520 s at 1475 bar for the high‐pressure homogenizer. Subsequently, the W/O emulsions produced under optimal conditions and their respective W1/O/W2 double emulsions were compared. The rotor–stator and high‐pressure homogenized W/O emulsions exhibited comparable narrow droplet‐size distributions, as indicated by similar Span values. However, high‐pressure homogenization failed to sufficiently minimize droplet size. Ultrasonic homogenization resulted in droplets at the 1‐μm scale but yielded more polydisperse droplet‐size distribution. According to TOPSIS analysis, an emulsion with a viscosity of 93.1 cP (centiPoise), a stability index of 93.8%, a D(90) of 0.67 μm (0th day), and a D(90) of 0.75 μm (30th day) produced using a rotor–stator was selected. Additionally, double emulsions containing primary emulsions prepared with the rotor–stator method demonstrated higher viscosity, narrower droplet‐size distribution, and lower creaming compared to other samples. This investigation sheds light on the influence of homogenization techniques on emulsion properties, providing valuable insights for optimizing double emulsion formulations.

Hepatocellular Changes on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Long Evans Male Rats upon Green Tea Administration

Background: The liver is a vital organ that serves a number of purposes in our body. It may be harmed by pollutants, substances with toxic effects, and long-term, unchecked drug use. Green tea is a well-liked beverage that has gained popularity recently and may have hepatoprotective properties. Objective: To observe the effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on paracetamol induced liver damage in Long Evans male rats. Methods: From July 1st, 2018, to June 30th, 2019, this study was conducted in the Department of Physiology at Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka. For the purpose of the study, thirty (30) male Long Evans rats, weighing between 150 and 200 grams and 90 to 120 days old, appeared to be in good health. They were split into two groups after 14 days of acclimatization: Group A, which served as the control group, and Group B, which served as the experimental group (green tea pretreatment and paracetamol treated). Group A1 (baseline control group) and group A2 (paracetamol treated control group) comprised the subdivided control group. There were ten rats in each of these groups. For 28 days, the rats were all fed a baseline diet. The baseline control group was given normal saline (20 ml/kg/day) orally every day for 28 days in addition to their basal diet. For the final three days of the study—the 26th and 28th—the paracetamol-treated control group was given oral paracetamol at a dose of 1.5 g/kg/day. During the final three days of the study period (the 26th and 28th days), the experimental group was given oral paracetamol (1.5g/kg/day) and an ethanolic extract of green tea (500 mg/kg/day) for a total of 28 days. On day 29, every rat was sacrificed. Following the sacrifice, liver samples were taken. Hepatic contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by using standard laboratory method. Histopathology of liver was also done by using standard laboratory procedure in the department of pathology, SSMC. Version 22 of the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) for Windows was used to do the statistical analysis. The data were displayed as mean±SD. To compare the results, one-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni, and Chi-square tests were used, where appropriate. A p value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. Result: When compared to the baseline control group, the mean malondialdehyde concentration in the liver was significantly (p) greater in the green tea pretreatment, paracetamol treated, and control groups who received paracetamol treatment. Once more, the groups treated with green tea and paracetamol had mean malondialdehyde concentrations in their livers that were significantly (p) lower than those of the paracetamol group. Additionally, 0% of the rats in the baseline control group, 100% of the rats in the paracetamol-treated group, and 30% of the rats in the green tea-pretreated and paracetamol-treated group had abnormal histological findings of the liver. Conclusion: This study revealed that green tea has hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol induced liver damage in Long Evans male rats. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2024; 12 (2): 145-152

Peat smoke exposure as a risk factor for deterioration of postnatal development

Introduction. In connection with the growing number and scale of wildfires, the problem of the toxic effect of biomass combustion products is relevant both in Russia and abroad. Data on the consequences of wildfire smoke exposure at various stages of ontogenesis are extremely scarce. The presence in smoke substances that, in addition to general toxic effects, have reprotoxic, gonadotoxic, and genotoxic effects, determines the need to study its effect on the reproductive potential and health of offspring. The purpose of the study was to assess the postnatal development of the offspring, the parent generation of which was exposed to peat smoke during puberty. Materials and methods. Exposure to peat smoke was carried out once for four hours on the 35th day of life for female and on the 45th day for male rats. The average concentrations of carbon monoxide in the exposure chambers were 29.3±11.1 mg/m3, and ultrafine PM2.5 particles – 0.39±0.61 mg/m3. At puberty, peat smoke exposed rats were mated with intact partners. In rat pups from the offspring there was studied the trend in body weight gain, physical development, and sensory-motor reflexes were assessed. Results. Acute exposure to peat smoke during puberty in white rats adversely affects the development of their offspring. A significant lag in the physical and sensory-motor development of rat pups from the offspring of animals exposed to smoke was revealed in comparison with rat pups from the control group. Limitations. The study was limited to the study of postnatal development of offspring obtained from rats exposed to peat smoke during puberty. Conclusion. Exposure to peat smoke during puberty leads to a delay in the physical and somatosensory development of the offspring during early postnatal ontogenesis.