24-hour Dietary Recall Research Articles

Association of dietary niacin intake with all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease: A retrospective cohort study of NHANES.

Dietary niacin intake has a positive influence on several chronic diseases, while the impact of dietary niacin intake on prognosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unknown. The study would explore the association between dietary niacin intake and all-cause mortality in CKD patients. Data about 4,659 CKD patients in this retrospective cohort study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey (NHANES). Dietary niacin intake data were acquired based on the 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Weighted univariate Cox regression models were utilized to select potential covariates. The association of dietary niacin intake with all-cause mortality was explored using weighted univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. The results were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In total, 4,659 CKD patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 58.03 (0.42) years old, and 2,502 (58.45%) were female. During a mean follow-up of 73.92 (1.14) months, 1,325 (28.44%) CKD patients died. Compared to CKD patients with lower niacin intake ≤19mg, those with niacin intake >33 mg were associated with lower all-cause mortality risk (HR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.64-0.98). The association also found in subgroups of age ≥65 years old (HR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.53-0.88), males (HR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.51-0.92), BMI <25 kg/m2 (HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.39-0.99), smoking (HR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.49-0.94), dyslipidemia (HR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.56-0.91), and non-hyperphosphatemia (HR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.58-0.91). Adequate dietary niacin intake was related to lower odds of all-cause mortality in CKD patients. Niacin supplements may have potential benefits for prognosis in CKD patients.

Estimated long-term dietary exposure to cadmium from consumption of spinach in the United States: A probabilistic assessment.

As part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Closer to Zero initiative, a toxicological reference value (TRV) for oral dietary exposure to Cd was established. Dietary exposure to Cd typically occurs at low levels over a pro-longed time period. With increased focus on food sources, it is necessary to refine the risk assessment process to quantify potential health risk from dietary exposure to Cd with greater precision. This study focused on dietary exposure to Cd from spinach consumption. A probabilistic method of bridging the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 24-hour dietary recalls and the National Eating Trends frequency data to estimate long-term (usual) spinach consumption was applied to estimate longer term (i.e., chronic) intake among the general U.S. population and young children (0-6 years). The resulting consumption distribution was combined with a database of Cd levels representative of spinach grown in the U.S. from 2014 to 2015 and 2017 to estimate long-term dietary exposure to Cd from spinach consumption. Mean dietary exposure to Cd ranged from 0.006 to 0.026μg/kg bw/day and 0.018-0.110μg/kg bw/day among the U.S. population and young children, respectively. Exposure estimates from spinach consumption alone were below the FDA TRV range.

Correlation between dietary calcium intake and eczema in American adult population

Eczema is a common chronic skin condition. Previous studies indicated the dietary factors, such as calcium intake, might influence the onset and progression of eczema in the population of gravidas and infants. However, there was no studies on the correlation between dietary calcium and the adult population. In this study, we aim to investigate the correlation between dietary calcium intake and the prevalence of eczema in adults. The characteristics of adults (≥ 18 years) were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 database. Dietary calcium intake was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall method. The prevalence of eczema was determined through an allergy questionnaire. Logistic regression modeling was applied to analyze the correlation between dietary calcium intake and eczema prevalence. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to investigate the nonlinear relationship between calcium intake and eczema. A two-stage linear regression model was used to calculate the critical effect of calcium intake on the prevalence of eczema by smoothed curve fitting. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the effect of different demographic characteristics on the relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema. Results In this cross-sectional study, we collected 4086 adult samples. There were 1930 males (46.9%) and 2156 females (53.1%), at the average age of 46.7 years, and 266 participants (7.6%) were diagnosed with eczema. Logistic regression results showed there was a significant difference between the third quartile group and eczema compared to the 1st quartile group of dietary calcium (OR: 1.913, 95% CI: 1.024–3.576, P = 0.043). The RCS showed an inverted U-shaped correlation between dietary calcium intake and eczema prevalence (non-linear P-value < 0.05). An increase in calcium intake was associated with an increase in eczema prevalence when the logarithmic value of dietary calcium intake was below 7.089 (OR: 1.790, 95% CI: 1.006–3.183, P = 0.048). These data indicated there was an inverted U-shaped correlation between dietary calcium intake and the prevalence of eczema, which suggested moderate reduction of calcium intake might be beneficial in the incidence of eczema. Further prospective studies are needed to explore causal relationships and optimal calcium intake levels to prevent eczema.

The Fat Level in the Breast Milk and Its Association with Dietary Intake and Body Mass Index of Breastfeeding Mothers in Central Ethiopia, 2017

Human milk is not static; it is an invariant fluid that fluctuates in micro and macronutrient composition during feeding. The fat in human milk contributes above half the energy the infant demands. Moreover, fat is one of the most essential nutrients for brain tissue development during infancy. However, the effect of maternal nutritional status, including dietary intake, on human milk fat levels is not well investigated, particularly in developing nations. This study aimed to assess the level of human milk fat and its association with dietary consumption and BMI of the lactating mother in Burayyu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 206 lactating mothers with infants aged between 2-9 months in Burayu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Data collection was completed from April 1-April 28, 2017, using the multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and standard measurement procedures, which included, among other things, nutritional status, BMI, and human milk, and repeated multiple pass 24-hour dietary recalls. The human milk sample was transported to the Holeta laboratory center by ice bag and stored at -20°C until Laboratory analysis. EPI data was applied for data entry, and 24-hour food recall was processed using Excel, Nutrition Survey, and IMAPP software. Then, it was exported to STATA version 14 for statistical analysis. A multivariable linear regression model was applied to determine the association between human milk fat level, dietary intake and BMI of lactating mothers by controlling other confounding factors. The mean (±SD) energy intake of lactating mothers was (1820.99 ± 399.98) Kcal, while the mean (±SD) of fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake of lactating mothers was found to be 43.49 ± 18.6 g/day, 89.95 ± 38 g/day and 275.58 ± 62.8 g/day respectively. The lactating mother's mean (±SD) human milk fat level was (3.03 ± 1.03) g/dl. This study did not find any significant association between human milk fat level with energy (β = 0.0002, 95% CI: -0.0004-0.0007), fat (β = -0.004, 95% CI: -0.018-0.009), protein (β = -0.0036, 95% CI: -0.011-0.0037), and carbohydrate intake (β = 0.003, 95% CI: -0.0003-0.006) respectively. Moreover, cesarean section delivery (β = -0.55825, 95% CI: -1.02954 - -0.08696) was inversely associated with human milk fat level. However, human milk fat level was positively associated with breastfeeding frequency (β = 0.074, 95% CI: 0.008-0.139), frequency of meat eating (β = 0.22123, 95% CI: 0.04681-0.39566), and early initiation of human milk (β = 0.19987, 95% CI: 0.03223-0.36751) respectively. Conclusion: Human milk fat content is pretty in the constant range (2-5 g/10 ml) and is not affected by maternal nutrition of energy intake, fat, carbohydrate, or BMI of the mother. It has a significantly positive association with the frequency of eating meat and feeding frequency. The mean human milk fat level is lower than that reported in other countries; however, it would fulfill most infant energy requirements.

Association between night eating frequency and thyroid function and sensitivity: a cross-sectional study from the NHANES database

Thyroid function is closely linked to circadian rhythms, but the relationship between the frequency of night eating and thyroid function remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the association between night eating frequency and its impact on thyroid function and sensitivity. This study included 6093 participants from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2012). Night eating behavior was assessed through 24-hour dietary recall, with night eating frequency calculated on the basis of food intake between 10:00 PM and 4:00 AM. The thyroid hormone indices examined included T3, T4, FT3, FT4, TSH, TGA, Tg, and TPOAb, whereas thyroid hormone sensitivity was assessed via indices such as the FT3/FT4, TSHI, TT4RI, and TFQI. The associations between night eating frequency and thyroid function were analyzed via weighted univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Subgroup analyses and interaction test analyses were also employed to test this correlation. Compared with individuals who did not eat at night, those who ate more frequently at night had higher levels of Tg (OR 1.223 [95% CI 1.048, 1.429], p trend=0.015) but lower levels of T3 (OR 0.728 [95% CI 0.611, 0.868], p trend=0.235) and TPOAb (OR 0.728 [95% CI 0.611, 0.868], p trend=0.235). Subgroup analysis indicated that this association between Tg and night eating was stronger in the DM group (Tg: OR 1.49 [95% CI 1.15, 1.93]), p interaction=0.022) and that the association between TPOAb and night eating was stronger in the group without DM (TPOAb: OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.82, 0.97]), p interaction=0.003). Our findings suggest a significant association between night eating frequency and thyroid function. However, no statistically significant differences were found in thyroid sensitivity based on night eating frequency. Despite these findings, the hormone fluctuations observed were within normal clinical ranges. Further rigorously designed studies are needed to establish a causal relationship between night eating frequency and thyroid function.

EFFECT OF DIETARY MEAL PLAN ON ANTHROPOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES AMONG OVERWEIGHT WOMEN PRACTICING ZUMBA

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary meal plan on anthropometric and physiological indices such as body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, percentage of fat and blood pressure among overweight women practicing Zumba. The participants consisted of 20 overweight women who were aged 18 until 55 years old, which were not involved in weight loss program, not on medication, do not have any chronic diseases and did not consume any weight loss supplement or meal replacement. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, percentage of fat and diastolic and systolic blood pressure were measured at the end week 1, week 4 and week 8. All participants received Zumba exercise along with dietary meal plan interventions and data were collected using a 24-hour dietary recall and a 3-days food diary. The effects of Zumba exercise with applied meal plan were analyzed by using one-way repeated measures MANOVA. The results showed that Zumba exercise combined with dietary meal plan showed a significant different in body weight (p&lt;.001), BMI (p&lt;.001), hip circumference (p&lt;.001), waist circumference (p&lt;.001), and percentage of fat (p&lt;.001) after 8-week intervention. However, there was no significant difference in the systolic blood pressure (p&lt;.05) after 8 weeks of intervention. Interestingly, these data show a significant difference between week 1 vs week 4 (p &lt; .001) in this study. This study concludes that meal plan and Zumba exercise provide significant effects on body weight, BMI, hip and waist circumference, percentage of fat and systolic blood pressure (week 1 vs week 4) thus may improve anthropometric and physiological indices among overweight women.

Dietary fiber intake moderates the impact of blood cadmium on depression: a nationally representative cross-sectional study

BackgroundCadmium (Cd) is a very poisonous pollutant in the environment that has harmful implications on the neurological system. While high fiber intake is beneficial for mental health, it remains unknown whether the recommended basis for dietary fiber intake (DFI) (14 g/1000 kcal per day) can alleviate Cd-induced depression.MethodsThe investigation employed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between the years 2005 and 2020. The research encompassed individuals who had information on blood Cd concentrations, two 24-hour dietary recalls, and depression diagnosis. We deployed weighted logistic regression analyses to estimate the association of exposure to Cd and DFI with depression risk.ResultsThe adjusted ORs (95% CI) for depression were 1.33 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.65) and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.38, 1.94) for the third and fourth quartiles of blood Cd concentrations, respectively (Ptrend < 0.001). Doubling DFI was connected with a 0.78-fold (95% CI: 0.71, 0.85) decrease in the risk of depression. Participants below recommended DFI levels had a greater depression risk with higher blood Cd concentrations: OR of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.73) for the third and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.40, 1.98) for the fourth quartile. No significant association between Cd exposure and depression was perceived for participants meeting recommended DFI levels.ConclusionsHigher blood Cd burden was associated with elevated depression risk, while recommended DFI could alleviate this effect. High-fiber dietary pattern may counteract the deleterious effect of environmental pollutants such as Cd on depression.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

The relationship between food components and constipation: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe worldwide incidence of constipation is exhibiting an increasing trend. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary components and the occurrence of constipation.MethodsSociodemographic characteristics data of participants experiencing constipation and those without were sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2000–2010; n = 1903; ≥20 years). Sociodemographic characteristics of participants experiencing constipation and those without were sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data from two 24-hour dietary recalls (n = 1696; participants aged 20 years and older) were utilized to compare the dietary intake of various food components between constipated and non-constipated individuals, as well as to investigate the relationship between food component consumption and constipation. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using an adjusted model. The distribution of the data was illustrated through a histogram. Based on this distribution, vegetable intake was categorized into five groups (0-0.733, 0.733–1.47, 1.47–2.2, 2.2–2.93, 2.93-8) for the purpose of subgroup analysis.ResultsThe median age of individuals experiencing constipation is 41.5 years, with women accounting for 65.3% and men accounting for 34.7%. The consumption of fruits (constipated people = 0.79 cups/d; non-constipated people = 0.93 cups/d), vegetables (1.21 cups/d; 1.59 cups/d), dairy (1.68 cups/d; 1.55 cups/d), and oils (15.31 g/d; 19.61 g/d) is below the recommended dietary intake for both groups. After multivariable adjustment, vegetable consumption (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.59–0.92, p = 0.008) and female (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.38–3.24, p < 0.001) were identified as significant predictors of constipation. The subgroup analysis concerning vegetable consumption indicated a statistically significant result within Group (2.93,8 ] [OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.069–0.57].ConclusionsThe findings of the research suggest that it is advisable for individuals to consume a minimum of 2.93 cups of vegetables daily. Furthermore, females exhibit a significantly elevated risk of experiencing constipation. However, no association has been identified between constipation and either age or educational level.

Study on the mediating and moderating effects of food intake on blood glucose levels

Objective: Analyze the mediating and moderating effects of the relationship between food intake and blood glucose levels. Methods: This study uses data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey project in the survey 2018, involving 11 043 adults aged 18 years or older, who have complete dietary data, waist circumference (WC), glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) indicators, and other key variables. Food consumption data was gathered via three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls and weighing accounting method, which included two weekdays and one weekend day. The average daily intake of various foods and total energy intake were calculated. The mediation effect and moderation effect analysis were conducted using simple mediation models, direct moderation effect models, and moderated mediation analysis theoretical models. The confidence interval method (bootstrap method) was performed for testing and analysis. Results: A total of 4 951 males and 6 092 females were included in the stratified analysis by gender. The mediating effects on the rice, wheat, and red meat→WC→HbA1c were all statistically significant in males. The standardized coefficients were -0.009 (P<0.001), 0.013 (P<0.001), and -0.005 (P=0.008), respectively. In females, the mediating effect on the wheat→WC→HbA1c was statistically significant, and the standardized coefficient was 0.017 (P<0.001); the impact of red meat intake on HbA1c is negatively regulated by the intake of dark vegetables, with a direct moderating effect; the standardized coefficient of the interaction term between red meat and dark vegetables was -0.024 (P=0.008). Dark vegetables have a moderated mediator on the pathway from rice to WC and HbA1c (a3b1=-0.003, P=0.041) in males. The mediating effect of WC is negatively regulated by the intake of dark vegetables (mediation effect difference U1/-1=-0.006, P=0.048). Dark vegetables showed a moderated mediator on the pathway from wheat to WC and HbA1c (a3b1=-0.004, P=0.045) in females. The mediating effect of WC is negatively regulated by the intake of dark vegetables (mediation effect difference U1/-1=-0.009, P=0.049). Conclusions: Changes in WC indicators caused by rice, wheat, and red meat intake. WC could mediate between rice, wheat, red meat, and HbA1c. Dark vegetables directly or indirectly regulate HbA1c levels by interacting with rice, wheat, and red meat.

Demographic, socioeconomic and dietary factors are associated with double burden of malnutrition among indigenous communities in Sarawak

Introduction: Double burden of malnutrition (DBM), encompassing both overnutrition and undernutrition, is a growing global public health issue. Indigenous people are one of the marginalised populations experiencing DBM at varying severity. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to DBM in indigenous households in Sarawak. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilised multistage random sampling to include 286 indigenous households from six administrative divisions in Sarawak. Mothers aged 20–49 years who had at least one child aged 2–12 years were recruited. Trained interviewers obtained information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, food security, and dietary intake via a two-day, 24-hour dietary recall. Height and weight measurements followed World Health Organization protocols. DBM household was identified as having an overnourished (overweight/ obese) mother with an undernourished (underweight/stunting/wasting) child within the same household. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Prevalence of DBM among the indigenous communities in Sarawak was 25.2%. Households with an overweight/obese mother and a stunted child was 12.9%, wasted child (11.9%), and underweight child (9.4%). Households with younger mothers, a household size of &gt;4 persons, and higher income per capita (relative to sample population) were significantly more likely to have DBM. Conversely, households with higher monthly non-food expenditure and greater fish and seafood intake scores in children were significantly less likely to have DBM. Conclusion: DBM is prevalent among Sarawak’s indigenous communities, affecting 25.2% of households. Further research and targeted interventions are needed to address socioeconomic and dietary factors in these populations.

Association of dietary patterns with chronic respiratory health among U.S. adults.

Respiratory health is closely related to immune system function, and diet can also influence immune homeostasis. Diet, an important part of a healthy lifestyle, is also linked to respiratory health. We aimed to explore the relationship between different dietary patterns and the risk of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), including chronic bronchitis (CB), emphysema, and asthma. A total of 23,042 adults from the United States were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset between 2007 and 2018. Diet quality was assessed using 2-day, 24-hour dietary recall data and quantified as the Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020), the Dietary Inflammation Index (DII), the Mediterranean Dietary Index (MEDI), and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Index (DASHI). Binary logistic regression models, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and the weighted quartile sum (WQS) models were used to assess the relationship between diet quality and the risk of CB, emphysema, and asthma. In logistic regression analyses of the four dietary indices with the three chronic respiratory diseases, it was consistently observed that higher dietary quality scores were linked to a reduced risk of respiratory disease. These consistent trends were also evident in the assessments of the dose-response relationship between dietary quality score and the risk of respiratory disease. Furthermore, evaluations of the combined effects of dietary components across different dietary indices in the risk of chronic respiratory disease yielded results consistent with the logistic regression models. Notably, high-quality protein, minerals, and fiber-rich fruits and vegetables emerged as the food groups making the most significant contributions to health across different dietary indices. Low-quality diets, lacking in high-quality protein, minerals, and fruits and vegetables rich in dietary fiber, are associated with a higher risk of chronic respiratory disease, regardless of the dietary index used to measure diet quality.

AI-enabled wearable cameras for assisting dietary assessment in African populations

We have developed a population-level method for dietary assessment using low-cost wearable cameras. Our approach, EgoDiet, employs an egocentric vision-based pipeline to learn portion sizes, addressing the shortcomings of traditional self-reported dietary methods. To evaluate the functionality of this method, field studies were conducted in London (Study A) and Ghana (Study B) among populations of Ghanaian and Kenyan origin. In Study A, EgoDiet’s estimations were contrasted with dietitians’ assessments, revealing a performance with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 31.9% for portion size estimation, compared to 40.1% for estimates made by dietitians. We further evaluated our approach in Study B, comparing its performance to the traditional 24-Hour Dietary Recall (24HR). Our approach demonstrated a MAPE of 28.0%, showing a reduction in error when contrasted with the 24HR, which exhibited a MAPE of 32.5%. This improvement highlights the potential of using passive camera technology to serve as an alternative to the traditional dietary assessment methods.

Assessing food consumed away from home in low-and middle-income countries by developing specific modules for household surveys: Experimental evidence from Vietnam and Burkina Faso.

In a world rapidly transitioning, food consumption away from home is rising, therefore representing an increasing share of individual's diet. Food consumed away from home negatively impacts diet, nutritional status and consequently has detrimental effects on health. In some contexts, where individual level dietary intake surveys are not regularly conducted, this behavior is not well documented leading to a gap of knowledge. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate in Burkina Faso and Vietnam specific modules that could be added to Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys that are usually regularly conducted worldwide, in order to document the economic and nutritional importance of food consumption away from home. In each country, two survey modules, one long (100 food items) and one short (30 food items) were developed, to measure individual-level food consumption away from home over the last 7 days. The modules were relatively validated in comparison with data from three non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls conducted over the same 7-days period. The validation was conducted in different settings (urban, peri-urban and rural) in Burkina Faso (n = 924) and Vietnam (n = 918). In both countries, a good concordance between the 24-hour dietary recalls and the modules in their ability to identify a person as having consumed food away from home (>77%) was found. However, in both countries, both modules underestimate the mean energy intake coming from foods consumed away from home (from 122 to 408 kcal) while they overestimate the budget allocated to it (from -0.07 to -0.29 USD/day). None of developed food away from home modules were considered as valid. There is a need for the international community to continue to work on developing and validating tools capable to estimate nutritional intakes related to food consumption away from home and that could be added to regular national household-level surveys.

The Association Between Maternal and Child Nutritional Status: Evidence From a Social Pediatrics Outpatient Clinic

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal and child nutritional status, considering the importance of children’s nutrition at an early age. Material and Methods: Mother-child pairs who attended a social pediatrics outpatient clinic participated in the study. A survey form was used to collect data, including questions regarding general information, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and dietary records. The 24-hour dietary recall method was used as a dietary assessment method. Height and body weight were taken using measurement techniques by researchers. Data of pairs were collected from mothers, and they assisted in taking anthropometric measurements of the children. The recorded data were used to calculate the percentage of daily energy and nutrient requirements met by each participant. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to detect the coefficients of the relationship in SPSS statistic package program. Results: The study included 104 mother-child pairs. The mean age of the mother and children was 30.7±5.7 years and 41.7±17.3 months, respectively. While 13.5% of the mothers were obese, 16.3% of the children were obese. A significant relationship was found between mothers’ and children’s daily main and snack numbers. The percentage of meeting their energy and protein requirements did not vary according to breastfeeding and complementary feeding parameters. Statistical analysis results showed significant relationships between percentages of meeting their macro and micronutrient requirements of mother-child pairs, except for energy and magnesium. Conclusion: The study’s results indicate that there is a relationship between the nutritional status of mothers and their children. There is a need for further research investigating the nutritional status of both mothers and children and emphasizing the interdependency of nutrition within the family.

Development and Validation of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire (SH-FFQ) in Iranian Adults: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.

An accurate assessment of food intake is necessary to monitor nutritional status. However, differences in cultures and dietary habits between communities make it necessary to create culturally specific tools to evaluate food intake. This study aimed to develop and validate a short food frequency questionnaire (SH-FFQ) in Iranian adults. This perspective longitudinal study was conducted during four months. A total of 135 healthy adults over 18 years (both of sex) were included. The 24-hour dietary recalls (24-HDRs) (three times per month: A total of 12 numbers) were collected as reference for validation of SH-FFQ. Participants completed two SH-FFQ, once at the end of the fourth month for validity, and the second one week after the first administration for reliability assessing. Reliability analysis showed that the mean difference between the two SH-FFQs was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). None of the correlation coefficients (rs) were less than 0.4. There was a substantial or perfect correlation (r > 0.6) in 85.1% and a moderate correlation (r = 0.4-0.6) in 14.9% of food items. For validity assessment, the average values of two SH-FFQ1 and SH-FFQ2 (SH-FFQ) were compared with the average values of 24-HDRs. All of the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of between SH-FFQ and 24-HDRs were equal to or greater than 0.4 (except one item). Moderate correlation (ICC = 0.4-0.6) and substantial or perfect correlation (ICC > 0.6) were observed in 38.3% and 59.6% of food items, respectively. The current study showed that the developed SH-FFQ is reliable and valid in Iranian adults. This developed SH-FFQ can be used in nutritional assessments.

Higher Dietary Inflammatory Index Score Is Associated With a Greater Risk of High Allostatic Load in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017-2020.

Allostatic load (AL) is a comprehensive indicator of chronic stress. Foods with pro-inflammatory properties can increase the risk of elevated AL levels. However, no studies have explored the association between AL and dietary inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores and AL. This cross-sectional study examined dietary data from 24-hour dietary recalls and biomarkers associated with AL in adult participants 18 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017-2020). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey examines a nationally representative sample of approximately 5000 individuals each year. A total of 15 560 participants were surveyed during the 2017-2020 period, and 1577 participants were ultimately included in this study. Twenty-six dietary components were selected to calculate the DII, and 10 biomarkers representing the cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems were chosen to calculate the AL. Logistic regression and linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between DII and AL and between each biomarker. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on sociodemographic variables, including age, sex, race and ethnicity, and BMI. The risk of high AL was 1.53 times higher in those with DII scores in the highest quartile than in those with DII scores in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR] 1.53; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.36; Ptrend= .04). For each unit increase in DII, the probability of having high AL increased by 11% (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.21; Ptrend= .03). Higher DII scores were significantly associated with higher systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse, waist-to-hip ratio, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Higher DII scores were also significantly associated with lower total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < .05). The association between DII score and AL was more pronounced in women (ORQuartile3vs1 2.04; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.61; ORQuartile4vs1 2.07; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.62; Ptrend= .01) and in those with a BMI < 24.9 (ORQuartile3vs1 4.74; 95% CI 1.21 to 18.05; Ptrend= .03). This study found that higher DII scores were associated with greater risk of high AL. Further research with more rigorous study designs is needed to build on these results and evaluate the effect of diets with low inflammatory potential (low DII scores) on AL.

Validity of a Web-Based 24-Hour Dietary Recall of Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Adults.

Recently, web-based dietary assessment tools for the targeted population have been developed and used to estimate the dietary intake level in several epidemiological studies. This study aimed to examine the validity of estimating energy and nutrient intake by the web-based 24 h dietary recall (Web24HR), which we developed for the Japanese population. Overall, 228 adults aged ≥20 years who agreed to participate were included. Web24HR was administered three times per person: twice within 3 weeks and once 3 months later. The data on 3-day weighed food records (WFR) at 3-month intervals in the four seasons were collected using the reference method. The intake of energy and nutrients between Web24HR and WFR were compared using Pearson's correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman analysis. As results, the correlations were moderate for both men (median r = 0.51) and women (median r = 0.38) except for iodine, retinol, retinol equivalents, and β-tocopherol. The Bland-Altman method revealed that the bias in intake was within ±10% for most nutrients, except for cholesterol, iodine, vitamin C, and the water content, in both sexes. Additionally, monounsaturated fatty acids in men and β-cryptoxanthin in women exhibited an underestimation of more than 10%. In conclusion, the Web24HR intake assessment showed moderate correlations for most nutrients in both sexes. The bias in intake was within ±10% for most nutrients, but there were discrepancies for some nutrients. This tool's performance is comparable to Japan's standard dietary exposure assessment methods and will be helpful for future applications in epidemiological studies, though caution is needed for certain nutrient assessments.

Artificial Intelligence Applications to Measure Food and Nutrient Intakes: Scoping Review.

Accurate measurement of food and nutrient intake is crucial for nutrition research, dietary surveillance, and disease management, but traditional methods such as 24-hour dietary recalls, food diaries, and food frequency questionnaires are often prone to recall error and social desirability bias, limiting their reliability. With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), there is potential to overcome these limitations through automated, objective, and scalable dietary assessment techniques. However, the effectiveness and challenges of AI applications in this domain remain inadequately explored. This study aimed to conduct a scoping review to synthesize existing literature on the efficacy, accuracy, and challenges of using AI tools in assessing food and nutrient intakes, offering insights into their current advantages and areas of improvement. This review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in 4 databases-PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO-covering publications from the databases' inception to June 30, 2023. Studies were included if they used modern AI approaches to assess food and nutrient intakes in human subjects. The 25 included studies, published between 2010 and 2023, involved sample sizes ranging from 10 to 38,415 participants. These studies used a variety of input data types, including food images (n=10), sound and jaw motion data from wearable devices (n=9), and text data (n=4), with 2 studies combining multiple input types. AI models applied included deep learning (eg, convolutional neural networks), machine learning (eg, support vector machines), and hybrid approaches. Applications were categorized into dietary intake assessment, food detection, nutrient estimation, and food intake prediction. Food detection accuracies ranged from 74% to 99.85%, and nutrient estimation errors varied between 10% and 15%. For instance, the RGB-D (Red, Green, Blue-Depth) fusion network achieved a mean absolute error of 15% in calorie estimation, and a sound-based classification model reached up to 94% accuracy in detecting food intake based on jaw motion and chewing patterns. In addition, AI-based systems provided real-time monitoring capabilities, improving the precision of dietary assessments and demonstrating the potential to reduce recall bias typically associated with traditional self-report methods. While AI demonstrated significant advantages in improving accuracy, reducing labor, and enabling real-time monitoring, challenges remain in adapting to diverse food types, ensuring algorithmic fairness, and addressing data privacy concerns. The findings suggest that AI has transformative potential for dietary assessment at both individual and population levels, supporting precision nutrition and chronic disease management. Future research should focus on enhancing the robustness of AI models across diverse dietary contexts and integrating biological sensors for a holistic dietary assessment approach.

A ferritin-related dietary pattern is positively associated with iron status but negatively associated with vitamin D status in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study

PurposeVitamin D supplementation positively impacts anemia, but the relationship between a ferritin-related dietary pattern, iron parameters, and vitamin D in anemia is unclear.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2017–2019 National Nutrition and Health Survey, including 1423 pregnant women over 15 years old. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. The FrDP was identified using reduced rank regression with blood parameters as response variables and 32 food groups as predictors. Linear and binomial logistic regression analyses evaluated the associations between the FrDP and serum biomarkers, adjusting for demographic and dietary variables. Risk associations between the FrDP and vitamin D concentrations were also assessed.ResultsThe FrDP explained 18.5% of the variation in 6 response variables and was characterized by high consumption of fish, soy, gluten pasta, nuts, organ meat, pickled vegetables, and marine plants. The FrDP correlated positively with serum hemoglobin (r = 0.76), iron (r = 0.52), ferritin (r = 0.79), folate (r = 0.86), and vitamin B12 (r = 0.86). Linear regression revealed a positive association between the FrDP and serum iron. Women in the highest FrDP tertile were less likely to have low serum iron (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.85) but more likely to have low 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.32–2.43).ConclusionsThe FrDP was positively associated with serum iron but negatively associated with serum 25(OH) vitamin D in pregnant women.Graphical

Association between added sugars intake and Parkinson’s disease status in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1990–2020

BackgroundAdded sugars intake is common among individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet the link between added sugars intake and PD is not well understood. Our study aims to investigate the association between added sugars intake and PD.MethodsThis study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from1990 to 2020. Added sugars intake was estimated based on a 24-hour dietary recall from participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between added sugars intake and the prevalence of PD. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to explore the nonlinear association between added sugars intake and PD. To further observe whether the conclusions were consistent across different subgroups, we conducted subgroup analyses to investigate the association of added sugars intake with PD in different populations.ResultsThe study included 12,489 participants, of which 100 had PD. When weighted, the data represented 136,959,144 participants. The study revealed a positive association between added sugars intake and the prevalence of PD. In multivariable regression models adjusted for all confounding factors, compared with the lowest quartile of added sugars intake, the third quartile (OR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.43–6.26) and those consuming more than 25% of their calories from added sugars (OR = 3.34; 95% CI: 1.03–10.86) had the highest risk of PD. The RCS curve showed an L-shaped nonlinear association between added sugars intake and PD. Two-segment linear regression by sex revealed that PD prevalence in women was linearly related to sugar intake (nonlinear P = 0.465), while men exhibited an L-shaped nonlinear relationship (nonlinear P = 0.03). Additionally, subgroup analysis showed that alcohol consumption and diabetes significantly influenced the association between added sugars intake and the prevalence of PD.ConclusionThese results highlight a positive association between added sugars intake and the prevalence of PD, particularly among women, heavy drinkers, and individuals with diabetes.