24-hour Dietary Recall Research Articles

Expansion and Assessment of a Web-Based 24-Hour Dietary Recall Tool, Foodbook24, for Use Among Diverse Populations Living in Ireland: Comparative Analysis.

Currently, the methods used to collect dietary intake data in Ireland are inflexible to the needs of certain populations, who are poorly represented in nutrition and health data as a result. As the Irish population is becoming increasingly diverse, there is an urgent need to understand the habitual food intake and diet quality of multiple population subgroups, including different nationalities and ethnic minorities, in Ireland. Foodbook24 is an existing web-based 24-hour dietary recall tool, which has previously been validated for use within the general Irish adult population. Because of its design, Foodbook24 can facilitate the improved inclusion of dietary intake assessment in Ireland. We aimed to examine the suitability of expanding the Foodbook24 tool, improving the reliability and accuracy of dietary intake data collected among prominent nationalities in Ireland. This study consisted of three distinct parts: (1) expansion of Foodbook24, (2) testing its usability (ie, acceptability study), and (3) examining the accuracy (ie, comparison study) of the updated Foodbook24 tool. To expand Foodbook24, national survey data from Brazil and Poland were reviewed and commonly consumed food items were added to the food list. All foods were translated into Polish and Portuguese. The acceptability study used a qualitative approach whereby participants provided a visual record of their habitual diet. The comparison study consisted of one 24-hour dietary recall using Foodbook24 and one interviewer-led recall completed on the same day, repeated again 2 weeks later. Comparison study data were analyzed using Spearman rank correlations, Mann-Whitney U tests, and κ coefficients. The expansion of the Foodbook24 food list resulted in 546 additional foods. The acceptability study reported that 86.5% (302/349) of foods listed by participants were available in the updated food list. From the comparison study, strong and positive correlations across 8 food groups (44% of a total of 18 food groups) and 15 nutrients (58% of a total of 26 nutrients) were identified (r=0.70-0.99). Only intakes of potatoes and potato dishes and nuts, herbs, and seeds significantly differed across methods of assessment, where correlations across these food groups were low (r=0.56 and r=0.47, respectively). The incidence of food omissions varied across samples, with Brazilian participants omitting a higher percentage of foods in self-administered recalls than other samples (6/25, 24% among the Brazilian vs 5/38, 13% among the Irish cohort). The updated food list is representative of most foods consumed by Brazilian, Irish, and Polish adults in Ireland. Dietary intake data reported in Foodbook24 are not largely different from food groups and nutrient intakes reported via traditional methods. This study has demonstrated that Foodbook24 may be appropriate for use in future research investigating the dietary intakes of Brazilian, Irish, and Polish groups in Ireland.

Healthy dietary patterns and the incidence of chronic kidney disease: results from a prospective cohort study

BackgroundUnhealthy diets contribute to the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with poor dietary habits identified as significant lifestyle factors that elevate CKD risk.MethodsData from the UK Biobank cohort, which included over 500,000 participants aged 40–69 from diverse regions of England, Wales, and Scotland, were analyzed. Participants, who completed at least one online 24-hour dietary recall assessment, were included in the study. The baseline for analysis was the first 24-hour dietary recall in 2011, with follow-up extending until the earliest occurrence of CKD diagnosis, death, or the end of the study period.ResultsA total of 207,268 British individuals who completed at least one online 24-hour dietary recall assessment were included in this study. Four healthy dietary pattern scores were evaluated: the Healthy Plant-based Diet Index (hPDI), the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, the Mediterranean Diet (MED) Score, and the Alternative Mediterranean Diet (AMED) Score. These scores assessed the association between dietary patterns and the incidence of CKD. Relative to the lowest dietary scores, the HR for CKD was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.73–0.87) for the hPDI, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.73–0.87) for the HEI-2015, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81–0.93) for the MED, and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78–0.90) for the AMED (all p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study provides robust evidence linking healthy dietary patterns to a reduced risk of CKD. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm whether adherence to such diets can lower the risk of CKD.

Inverse association between dietary flavonoid intake and nocturia in middle-aged and older adults from NHANES 2007–2010

Nocturia is an increasingly prevalent chronic disease that affects the quality of an individual’s life. The prevalence of nocturia exceeds 50% among older adults in the U.S. Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered potential factors affecting nocturia, according to prior research. Flavonoids have attracted considerable interest due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. The association between flavonoid consumption and nocturia has been rarely investigated. For this cross-sectional study, we selected 5926 middle-aged and older adults over 40 from the 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Daily dietary flavonoid consumption was assessed through two 24-hour dietary recall interviews and the principal outcome was assessed based on a standardized questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. Weighted multivariate logistic regression and stratified analysis were employed to evaluate the impact of dietary total flavonoid consumption on nocturia. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was utilized to explore whether there is a non-linear association between total flavonoid intake and nocturia. In addition, we performed weighted logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression by six flavonoid species (isoflavones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavonoids and flavonols) to estimate a combined mixture sum effect as well as the contribution of each mixture component. Subgroup analysis help us identify heterogeneity in these relationships and enhances the applicability of the research findings across different groups. After fully adjusting for confounders, weighted logistic regression models indicated that dietary flavonoid intake was significantly associated with a decreased prevalence of nocturia (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-1.00, P-value = 0.036). This trend remained significant in the analysis stratified by quartile level of flavonoid intake. RCS analysis demonstrated an inverse linear correlation between total flavonoid consumption and nocturia. Analysis conducted through quartile stratification of six flavonoid species and WQS regressions showed that anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols were crucial elements. Within these subclasses, Peonidin in anthocyanins, Catechin and Theaflavin-3,3’-digallate in flavan-3-ols, and Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin in flavonols were also investigated and may have contributed significantly. Our study revealed an inverse association between dietary flavonoid intake and nocturia in middle-aged and older adults, and anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and flavonols were protectively associated with nocturia.

Food consumption and adherence to dietary guidelines among Jordanian children and adolescents

Background Early-life food consumption patterns may affect children’s health by increasing susceptibility to developing non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Aims To evaluate Jordanian children and adolescents’ energy and macronutrient intake and how closely they adhere to dietary recommendations. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from Jordan’s Population-based Food Consumption Survey, a household population-based study conducted in Jordan between 2021 and 2022 (561 children and adolescents 8-19 years). Dietary intake was assessed using the two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recall methods (24-h DR). The estimated food group and nutrient intakes were compared to nutritional recommendations, including MyPlate dietary guidelines. Results The prevalence of overweight/obese individuals based on body mass index (BMI) was 44%, and the average waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was 24.7%. Compared to MyPlate dietary guidelines, children and adolescents had a higher added sugar intake (57g/day). Also, consuming vegetables, fruits, and dairy fell short of MyPlate dietary guidelines. The total discretionary calorie intake in children and adolescents was approximately one-third of the total energy intake. Conclusion The food consumption of Jordanian children and adolescents includes high intakes of discretionary calories, with a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was elevated compared to international norms.

Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Dietary Antioxidant Intake among Prediabetic Individuals in the South Indian Population

Background: Prediabetes is a growing global public health concern, with dietary factors playing a major role in its progression to type 2 diabetes. Antioxidants can mitigate oxidative stress, a major contributor to prediabetes. This study developed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the intake of key antioxidants, including vitamin C and E, selenium and zinc among prediabetic population in Chennai, India. Methodology: The food list was based on the Indian Food Composition Table (2017), and the portion sizes and frequencies were derived through a focus group discussion with registered dietitians and physicians. The FFQ intake data were compared with the mean of two 24-hour dietary recall (DR) using Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Strong correlations were observed for vitamin C (r=0.909) and vitamin E(r=0.915), and moderate correlations were observed for selenium (r = 0.696), and zinc (r = 0.706), with significant results (p &lt; 0.001 for vitamin C, E, selenium, and p = 0.036 for zinc). Conclusion: The results indicated good agreement between the FFQ and DR, validating the developed FFQ as a reliable tool for estimating antioxidant intake in prediabetic individuals. This tool is useful for monitoring antioxidant intake in both clinical and public health settings.

Mother’s food neophobia and eating disorder: Are they associated with child’s eating behavior? A study of mother-child pairs

ABSTRACT There may be links between maternal food neophobia (MFN), eating disorders, and children’s food preference. To define whether MFN and eating disorders affect their children’s eating behaviors. The survey included of socio-demographic characteristics, Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT26) and Children Eating Behaviour Scale. Children’s energy and nutrient intakes were assessed through interviews with their mothers (24-hour dietary recall method). Anthropometric measurements of children were measured and of mothers were recorded. Linear regression analyses were employed to examine the relationships between maternal characteristics and children’s food approach and avoidant behaviors. Mothers (n = 360) and children (n = 360; aged 3–5 years) were enrolled. Of the mothers, 166 were neophobic, 194 neophilic. MFN score inversely correlated with children’s energy and several vitamins and mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn) intake (all p < .05). The results of the regression analysis indicated that the Children’s Food Approach score was influenced by the mother’s age, BMI, FNS, and EAT-26 score. Conversely, the Children’s Food Avoidant score was found to be affected by the mother’s FNS and EAT-26 score. MFN and maternal eating attitudes have a significant impact on children’s food access and avoidance.

P0622 Total emulsifier intake, but not ultra-processed food consumption is higher in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease compared to healthy controls

Abstract Background Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake, which often contains emulsifiers that might affect the intestinal barrier, has been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence and progression.1 Here, we assessed intake of UPFs, emulsifiers and macronutrients in patients with IBD and healthy controls. Methods Dietary intake was cross-sectionally calculated from Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) and food logs. Two 24-hour dietary recalls in IBD patients attending the infusion unit were compared to two prospective logs from healthy controls from the FOAM study.2 Kruskal Wallis with post-hoc Dunn test was used for continuous data, and Fisher exact test for proportions, with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Results We included 186 subjects (Table 1). Assessing food logs, UPF intake was similar in all groups, yet emulsifier intake was higher in UC and CD compared to controls (p=0.03 and p=0.0004, resp). Compared to controls, higher intakes of E402 (UC p=0.02, CD p=0.002), E411 (both p=0.01), E471 (UC p=0.02, CD p=0.0009), as well as carrageenan E407 (UC p=0.001, CD p=0.002), and xanthan gum E415 (UC p=0.03, CD p=0.01) were seen (Fig 1). Intake of E476 was higher in CD compared to controls (p=0.02), while intake of guar gum E412 was higher in UC compared to controls (p=0.02). The proportion of non-consumers of E402 was higher in controls (100%) compared to IBD (CD 83%, UC 67%, p=0.03). Sugar intake was higher in UC (p=0.004) compared to controls. When comparing FFQs, a higher intake of deli meat in CD was seen, compared to UC (p=0.04). Compared to controls, soft drink (UC p=0.0005, CD p=0.001), meat (UC p=0.02, CD p=0.04), and butter intake (UC p=0.03, CD p= 0.005) was higher in IBD. However, intake of breakfast cereals (UC p=6e-13, CD p=1e-10), legumes (UC p=2e-04, CD p=1e-05), meat substitutes (UC 6e-04, CD p=0.02), whole grain pasta and rice (UC p=2e-6, CD p=4e-5), and fibre (UC p=0.01, CD p=0.002) was lower in UC and CD. Coffee (p=0.03), potato (p=0.01), deli meat (p=3e-04), and sodium intake (p=0.02) was higher in CD patients than controls, while nut and seed intake was lower (p=3e-04). For UC, polysaccharide intake was lower in UC than controls (p=0.007). There was no correlation between C-reactive protein and intake of UPFs, emulsifiers, macronutrients or total energy intake (p&amp;gt;0.1). Conclusion We show higher intakes of emulsifiers in patients with IBD compared to controls, while UPF intake was comparable. The concomitant increased intake of specific emulsifiers such as carrageenan and guar gum that have previously been associated with disruption of the intestinal barrier, warrant further investigation into their role in the propagation and maintenance of gut inflammation.

P1249 Higher dietary glycemic index, but not glycemic load, is associated with increased risk of ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study

Abstract Background Previous epidemiological studies observed inconsistent effects of carbohydrate intake on incident inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to evaluate the effects of glycemic index and glycemic load, the two main indicators to measure the quality and quantity of carbohydrates, on the risk of two main subtypes of IBD, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods This analysis included 121,148 participants who were free of IBD at baseline in the UK Biobank. We collected dietary information from a validated web-based 24-hour dietary recalls questionnaire and estimated dietary glycemic index and glycemic load based on carbohydrate foods. The primary outcome was the incident CD and UC. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Substitution analyses were conducted to test associations with risk for CD and UC after replacing medium or high glycemic index foods with low glycemic index foods. Results In the current analysis, participants with lowest quartile of glycemic index were more likely to be females, and with lower BMI, and those with highest quartile of glycemic load were more likely to be none to moderate alcohol consumers and non-smokers. During a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 133 incident CD and 335 incident UC cases were identified. In the fully multivariable-adjusted model, a 13% (95% CI 1%-27%) higher risk of UC was associated with each 1-SD increment of dietary glycemic index. Comparing the lowest glycemic index, we found that highest dietary quartile of glycemic index was associated with increased risk of UC (HR 1.46, 95%CI 1.07-1.99, P = 0.016; P for trend = 0.005), but not with CD. We did not find significant associations between dietary glycemic load with risk of CD and UC. Additionally, replacing medium or medium and high glycemic index foods with low glycemic index foods was associated with a lower risk of UC, respectively. Conclusion Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that a higher dietary glycemic index, but not glycemic load, was associated with an increased risk of UC, further demonstrated by the substitution analyses, suggesting the importance of dietary glycemic index in dietary recommendations for UC prevention. Therefore, the large interventional trial should be considered to evaluate the role of low glycemic index diets in preventing UC and expected to be applied in dietary recommendations for UC prevention.

What’s happening in the kitchen? The influence of nutritional knowledge, attitudes and, practices (KAP), and kitchen characteristics on women’s dietary quality in Ethiopia

BackgroundLow dietary quality significantly contributes to public health risks in low-income countries. This situation is particularly concerning for vulnerable groups, such as women and children, who are at increased risk of malnutrition due to inadequate access to proper nutrition. This study aimed to assess the influence of nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices, and kitchen characteristics on women’s dietary quality in Ethiopia.MethodA population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to September 2022 in five regions and two city administrations in Ethiopia. A multistage stratified cluster sampling method was employed. From ninety-nine enumeration areas, twenty eligible households were selected. A total of 1,980 women aged 15–49 years were included in this survey. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, food frequency, 24-hour dietary recall, and nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The determinants of dietary quality were identified using Poisson, logistic, and ordinary least square regression analyses. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.ResultsThe results showed that the average dietary diversity score for women was 3.4 ± 0.85. Only 21.5% of the participants achieved the minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W), and the mean adequacy ratio for nutrients was 61.6%. The participants’ average nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices scores were 63%, 39%, and 23%, respectively. The regression analysis showed knowledge and attitude positively associated with dietary diversity and the mean nutrient adequacy ratio (P < 0.01). Cooking time and propensity to prepare new food were also positively associated with dietary diversity and with minimum dietary diversity (P < 0.01).ConclusionOur study showed that good nutrition-related knowledge and a positive attitude toward nutrition positively and significantly influence dietary quality, along with cooking time and the propensity to prepare new foods.

Infant and young child feeding practice status and its determinants in UAE: results from the MISC cohort

BackgroundTo evaluate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices and their determinants among infants and young children in the United Arab Emirates using the 2021 WHO/UNICEF IYCF guidelines.MethodsThe Mother and Infant Study Cohort (MISC), is a prospective study of mothers recruited in their third gestational trimester and followed with their infants up to 18 months of age (n = 167). Data were collected at 3rd trimester, delivery, 2, 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum via questionnaires, review of medical records, anthropometric measurements, and 24-hour dietary recalls of the child’s intake at 6, 12, and 18 months. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regressions were used to report on feeding practices and their determinants.ResultsEver breastfeeding, Early initiation of breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months were reported by 84.3%, 99.4%, and 32.9% of participants, respectively. Of children, 96.4% consumed solid foods at 6–8 months; 68.7% and 44.7% continued to be breastfed at 12 and 18 months, respectively. Despite improvement with age; several complementary feeding indicators remained suboptimal at 18 months: Minimum Dietary Diversity: 40.4%, Minimum Meal Frequency: 56.7%, Minimum Acceptable Diet: 23.1%, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, 26.9%, Zero Vegetables and Fruits: 28.8%, Unhealthy Food Consumption: 65.4%. After adjustment, multiparous mothers had higher odds of exclusive breastfeeding, whereas pregnancy complications were associated with lower odds of exclusive breastfeeding. Continued breastfeeding at 18 months was associated with older age among mothers and lower income. Among the factors associated with complementary feeding indicators were higher physical activity and Minimum Dietary Diversity. While Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, and higher education were associated with lower odds of Zero Vegetables and Fruits, and a higher income was associated with lower Unhealthy Food Consumption.ConclusionsThis study reported good rates of Early initiation of breastfeeding and ever-breastfeeding, yet suboptimal exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding. The identified risk factors for inappropriate practices could be used to guide nutrition interventions and public health programs in the United Arab Emirates.

A cross-sectional study of the association between dietary inflammatory index and glaucoma prevalence in a US population.

To assess the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and prevalence of glaucoma among individuals aged 40y and above in the United States. Participants were drawn from 2 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2008) for a cross-sectional study. DII was calculated from 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire conducted by experienced researchers and data analyzed in R according to the NHANES user guide, "Stratified Multi-stage Probability Sampling". The relationship between DII and glaucoma was evaluated by multi-factor logistic regression analysis and the existence of a non-linear association examined by restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis. A total of 5359 subjects were included and the cross-sectional analysis weighted to represent the US population of 109 million. DII was elevated in glaucoma patients (P<0.001) and smoking and alcohol use contributed to significant differences (P<0.001). DII correlated negatively with Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, r=-0.49). RCS analysis showed a linear relationship between DII and glaucoma risk (P of non-linear relationship =0.575). An increased DII is strongly associated with high risk of glaucoma and diet-induced inflammation should be controlled to delay glaucoma progression.

Dietary carotenoid intakes and biological aging among US adults, NHANES 1999–2018

BackgroundCarotenoids have been shown to have multiple health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The data for the effect of dietary specific carotenoids on biological aging is limited. Our study aims to examine the association between dietary carotenoid intake levels and biological aging.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed among 27,338 adults from NHANES 1999–2018. Dietary intake was assessed through two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Biological aging indices included allostatic load (AL), homeostatic dysregulation (HD), Klemera-Doubal method (KDM), and phenoAge (PA). Multiple linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (QG-comp) were used to explore the associations of single carotenoid and mixed carotenoids with biological aging.ResultsAssociations between dietary carotenoid intake levels and biological aging indices were significant among adults across the United States. Multiple linear regression showed that most carotenoids were significantly negatively correlated with AL (β = -0.017 - -0.011), HD (β = -0.045 - -0.032), KDM (β = -0.984 - -0.471), and PA (β = -0.975 - -0.539). Subgroup analysis indicated that male, older individuals, smokers, alcohol drinkers, and less physically active individuals are particularly sensitive populations. Meanwhile, WQS regression and QG-comp analyses consistently indicated a negative association between mixed carotenoids exposure and four biological aging indices, highlighting that lutein/zeaxanthin and β-carotene were responsible for the outcomes.ConclusionsIncreased dietary intakes of various carotenoids were associated with lower biological aging indices, which was possibly and mainly driven by lutein/zeaxanthin and β-carotene.

Dietary Sources of Sodium in Nigerian Adults From 3 Geographic Regions: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background To address the growing burden of hypertension and related diseases, Nigeria seeks to reduce excess dietary sodium through policymaking. The current study aims to describe the levels and sources of dietary sodium intake among Nigerian adults to inform targeted policies for reducing sodium intake. Methods From June 2023 to July 2023, adults aged 18 to 70 years old were recruited from the Federal Capital Territory, Kano States, and Ogun States to participate in a population-based, cross-sectional non-communicable diseases survey. Data were also collected to assess levels and dietary sources of sodium through four 24-hour dietary recalls by trained study personnel with 90.7% response rate. Concurrent 24-hour urine sodium data were collected. The primary analyses included the distribution of sodium intake and sources of sodium, overall and by sex and state. Results were adjusted to the Nigerian population. Multivariate regression models evaluated associations between baseline sociodemographic factors and sodium intake. Results Among 537 participants, 365 (68.0%) were female, and median (Interquartile range) age was 38 (27, 48) years. Adjusted median (IQR) daily sodium intake according to 24-hour dietary recalls was 3,803 (2,663, 5,085) mg per day with higher intake reported among males (males: 3,878 [2,663, 5,032] mg/dl; females: 3,415 [2,373, 4,689], p<.0001). Two-thirds (67.0%) of the sodium intake was from home-cooked meals. Nearly half (48.7%) of sodium came from discretionary sources, including 21.4% from bouillon. Salt and yaji spice added at the table accounted for 9.1% of sodium intake and was highest among females (18.8%) and males (13.7%) in Kano. On the other hand, sodium from street food was highest in males (35.9%) and females (34.2%) in Ogun. After adjustment, older participants and those with higher education had lower daily sodium intake compared to younger participants and those with less education, respectively. Results were similar when excluding individuals with cardiovascular disease or hypertension. Conclusions Adults in the Federal Capital Territory, Kano, and Ogun consume nearly twice the recommended level of dietary sodium. Most dietary sodium intake came from home cooked foods, nearly half of which came from discretionary sources, which has important policy implications for SHAKE package implementation. Registration number: NCT04765865.

Linear Programming Optimization of Local Food-Based Recommendations for Undernourished Urban Poor Malaysian Children Aged 2 to 5 Years.

Poor diet quality may contribute to undernutrition, particularly affecting young children from low-income households. Therefore, affordable and healthy local food-based recommendations (FBRs) are needed. This study aimed to (1) identify problem nutrient(s), (2) identify locally available nutrient-dense food sources that can provide adequate nutrients to meet the recommended dietary intakes of undernourished urban poor children aged 2-5 years, and (3) use linear programming to recommend a daily diet based on the current food patterns that achieves dietary adequacy and meets average food costs for these children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Seremban, Malaysia. Three-day 24hour dietary recalls were collected from the mothers (n = 168). Food costs were estimated using market surveys. The FBRs were formulated by linear programming analysis using Optifood software. Folate was an "absolute problem nutrient" (such a nutrient does not achieve the 100% recommended nutrient intake even upon diet optimization). Full-cream milk, chocolate malted milk, fortified cornflakes, and chicken egg were the common locally available nutrient-dense foods that would provide adequate nutrients to meet the recommended dietary intakes of undernourished urban poor children. The final FBR set would ensure dietary adequacy for eight to nine of 11 nutrients at a cost of ringgit Malaysia (RM) 4.80/day (US $1.05/day) and RM6.20/day (US $1.34/day), depending on the age group. Interventions are required to ensure dietary adequacy for undernourished urban poor children under 5 years old. Dietary adequacy could be improved via realistic changes in habitual food consumption practices.

Assessment of Nutritional Status by 24-Hour Dietary Recall in Under-Five Tribal and Non-Tribal Children with Acute Malnutrition

Assessment of Nutritional Status by 24-Hour Dietary Recall in Under-Five Tribal and Non-Tribal Children with Acute Malnutrition

Planetary Health Diet Index Trends and Associations with Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Disease Biomarkers, Obesity, and Mortality in the United States (2005-2018).

Diet plays a vital role in human health and environmental effects. Monitoring diet quality and its relationship to both health and environment are essential for policy making. This study aimed to analyze trends in the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) and its associations with daily greenhouse gas emissions from food (GHG), disease-related biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, obesity, and all-cause mortality in the US population. We analyzed 27,181 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018 except for the mortality analysis. 23,599 adults were analyzed as the 2017-2018 NHANES dietary data were removed due to the potential for reverse causation. We calculated PHDI scores by using two 24-hour dietary recalls and GHG by linking the consumption of individual foods to dataFRIENDS, a food-environmental impact database. To assess associations with the PHDI, we used generalized linear regression models for GHG, disease-related biomarkers, and obesity, and used the Cox proportional hazards model for all-cause mortality. The energy-adjusted mean of the PHDI (140 possible points) increased from 68.6 in 2005-2006 to 71.7 in 2017-2018 (p for trend < 0.001). When compared to the lowest quintile (Q1), the highest PHDI quintile (Q5) was associated with 25% lower GHG emissions, a better cardiometabolic profile, lower prevalence ratios of obesity (0.59, 95% CI: 0.50-0.69) and abdominal obesity (0.74, 95% CI: 0.66-0.82) and a lower risk of all-cause death (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.54-0.78). These results underscore the potential health and greenhouse gas emission benefits aligned with the planetary health diet.

Increased consumption of ultra-processed foods and worse diet quality in colorectal cancer patients after colostomy: A prospective study.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is commonly treated with intestinal resections that lead to colostomy, which can influence changes in eating habits. This study aimed to analyze energy and nutrient intake, diet quality, and food consumption based on the processing level in CRC patients after colostomy. A prospective study was carried out at three time points (T0-recent colostomy, T1-3 months after colostomy, and T2-6 months after colostomy). Food intake was assessed by 24-hour dietary recall. Macro-micronutrient consumption, the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R), and food consumption according to processing level by NOVA classification (raw or minimally processed, processed, and ultra-processed foods) were estimated. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare the food intake variables with time points. Of the 46 patients, 52.2% were women, and the mean age was 60.6±12.2 years old. There was a change in food consumption over time, with an increase in energy consumption (kcal and kcal/kg), lipids, and sodium, in addition to a reduction in some nutrients such as protein (g and g/kg), fiber, vitamin B1 and C and phosphorus. Regarding the key outcomes, BHEI-R and NOVA classification showed a poor diet quality with a reduction in total index (p = 0.022), raw food (p = 0.001), total fruits, and whole fruit consumption (p = 0.001), and an increase in sodium (p = 0.001) at 3 and/or 6 months after colostomy concomitant an increase in ultra-processed food (p = 0.015). Nutritional counseling is essential in care, effective eating changes habits improvement of symptoms and nutritional status, besides avoiding potential cancer recurrence.

Machine Learning Analysis of Nutrient Associations with Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from NHANES 1999-2004.

To investigate the relationship between nutrient intake and peripheral artery disease (PAD) using machine learning (ML) methods. Data from NHANES (1999-2004) were analyzed, including demographic, clinical, and dietary information. Nutrient intake was assessed through 24-hour dietary recalls using CADI and AMPM methods. PAD was defined as an Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) <0.9. Six ML models-Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Naive Bayes Classifier (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Decision Tree (DT)-were trained on a 70/30 train-test split, with missing data imputed and sample imbalance addressed via SMOTE. Model performance was evaluated using AUROC, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and F1 score. SHAP analysis was used to identify key features. In addition, to further enhance the interpretability of the model, we applied SHAP analysis to identify the features that have a significant impact on PAD prediction. This approach allowed us to determine the contribution of different variables to the model's output, providing deeper insights into how each feature influences the prediction of PAD outcomes. Of 31,126 participants, 4,520 met inclusion criteria (mean age 61.2 ± 13.5 years; 48.8% male), and 441 (9.7%) had ABI <0.9. XGBoost outperformed other models, achieving an AUROC of 0.913 (95% CI, 0.891-0.936) and F1 score of 0.932. With SMOTE, its AUROC improved to 0.926 (95% CI, 0.889-0.936) and F1 score to 0.937. SHAP analysis identified Vitamin C, saturated fatty acids, selenium, phosphorus, and protein intake as key predictors of PAD. This is the first study to apply ML algorithms to examine nutrient intake and PAD in a general population. Vitamin C and phosphorus showed negative correlations with PAD, while saturated fatty acids, protein, and selenium exhibited positive associations.

Food groups, macronutrient intake and objective measures of total carotenoids and fatty acids in 16-to-24-year-olds following different plant-based diets compared to an omnivorous diet.

Knowledge about the diet quality among youth who follow different types of plant-based diets is essential to understand whether support is required to ensure a well-planned diet that meets their nutritional needs. This study aimed to investigate how food groups, macronutrient intake, and objective blood measures varied between Norwegian youth following different plant-based diets compared to omnivorous diet. Cross-sectional design, with healthy 16-to-24-year-olds (n = 165) recruited from the Agder area in Norway, following a vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pescatarian, flexitarian or omnivore diet. Participants completed an electronic questionnaire, a dietary screener, 24-hour dietary recalls and provided dried blood samples for analysis of carotenoids and fatty acids. Vegans reported the highest mean intake (g/d, g/MJ) of vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds and substitutes to dairy and meat (compared to all, p<0.001), fruit and berries (compared to omnivores, p = 0.004 and pescatarians, p = 0.007), and vegetable oil (compared to omnivores, p<0.001, pescatarians, p = 0.003 and flexitarians, p = 0.004) and vegetable products (compared to omnivores, p = 0.007). No difference was found between groups in mean intake (g/d, g/MJ) of any of the confectionary foods or sweet pastries, beverages (sugar-sweetened, non-sugary, alcoholic), or salted snacks, neither in g/MJ of convenience foods. The energy percentage (E%) of protein, carbohydrates and total fat were within the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 across groups. However, all groups, except vegans, exceeded the E% for saturated fatty acids. All groups exceeded recommendations for added and free sugar. Furthermore, all groups consumed <25g/d of dietary fibre, except vegans and pescatarians. For omega-3, lacto-ovo-vegetarians had intakes below recommendations. Blood marker of total carotenoids did not differ between groups, neither did the reported mean intake (g/MJ) of carotenoid-rich foods. Vegans showed the lowest blood level of palmitic acid compared to all (p<0.001), but highest level of linoleic acid (compared to flexitarians, p = 0.022, and omnivores, p<0.001). The lowest blood levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were found in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Our findings suggest that all groups had risk of dietary shortcomings. However, vegans consumed the most favorable diet. All groups should increase their consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries, and reduce their total sugar intake.

Carotenoid profile in maternal and cord plasma and its trends in breast milk during lactation: a comparative study among three cities in northern China.

Increasing evidence suggests that carotenoids play an important role in visual and cognitive development during early life. This study aimed to depict the carotenoid profile in maternal/cord plasma and breast milk in three northern cities of China while investigating the association between dietary carotenoid intake and breast milk carotenoid levels. We enrolled 990 lactating mothers from three urban northern Chinese cities to collect breast milk (including colostrum, transitional milk, early mature milk, middle mature milk, and late mature milk). Among them, 90 participants also provided maternal/cord blood. The dietary carotenoid intake was recorded in the corresponding stages according to the Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall. The levels of carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene) in maternal/cord plasma and breast milk were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. We found a significant correlation between carotenoid concentrations in maternal and cord plasma. Moreover, carotenoid concentrations in maternal plasma were significantly higher than those in cord plasma. The total carotenoid levels in breast milk decreased from colostrum to late mature milk. β-Carotene predominated in colostrum, whereas lutein dominated in transitional and mature milk. We also found that breast milk carotenoid levels correlated with dietary carotenoid intake to a certain extent, particularly during the early stages of lactation. Therefore, we encourage women to appropriately increase their dietary intake of carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruits during pregnancy and lactation, particularly during work hours after lactation leave. Moreover, the variance of the carotenoid profile in maternal/cord plasma and breast milk across the three cities implied the necessity of further depicting the carotenoid status and influencing factors across different areas in China.