21st Century Maritime Silk Road Research Articles

A New Framework for Assessment of Offshore Wind Farm Location

Offshore wind energy has become a hot spot in new-energy development due to its abundant reserves, long power generation time, high unit capacity and low land occupation. In response to the current situation whereby wind energy, and natural and human factors have not been taken into account in the selection of sites for offshore wind-energy-resource development in the traditional “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” region, this paper intends to establish a new risk assessment framework that comprehensively considers the influence of wind resources, the natural environment, and the geopolitical and humanistic environment. The rationality of the new index system and weight determination methods are separately investigated. Some interesting results are obtained by comparing the new framework with traditional frameworks. The results show that the Persian Gulf, the Timor Sea in northern Australia, and the northern part of Sri Lanka in southern India are rich in wind-energy resources and have a low overall risk, making them recommended sites. In addition, unlike the results of previous studies, this paper does not recommend the Somali Sea as a priority area for wind-energy siting due to its high geographic humanity risks.

Brexit and its Impact on the Co-Operation Along with the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road—Assessment from Port Governance

Since the Brexit happened in January 2020, it is likely to impact the United Kingdom (UK) and the whole of Europe in different ways. The UK and other European countries will revise their preferences concerning fisheries, ports access and governance, and bilateral diplomatic relationships with the countries alongside the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR). However, this is not an end to uncertainties, but the beginning to show the double-edged effects of Brexit. This paper focuses on the opportunities and challenges for Sino-UK as well as European Union (EU) relations arising from Brexit. The present study considers Brexit’s impact on the MSR countries, especially China, Pakistan, and India. It examines what Brexit means for the Sino-UK/EU relationship, politically, economically, and culturally. It concludes with the potential impacts of Brexit on Sino-UK/EU trade relations, maritime security, marine resources usage, the safety of navigation, port governance and cooperation, and suggests the appropriate strategies that can be put in place to capitalise on opportunities to reap benefits while mitigating the challenges.

On the Opportunity and Challenges of China's Diplomacy——Under the Background of “The Belt and Road Initiative”

“The New Silk Road Economic Belt” and “the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road”, as the national strategies of China in the new era, are of great practical significance in building a mutually beneficial and win-win community of interests and a community of common development and prosperity with countries along the Belt and Road. The implementation of the “The Belt and Road Initiative” will help cushion the external pressure faced by China's peaceful rise. At the same time, it promotes the construction and improvement of the new international order, and enhance China's right to speak internationally in the international community. At the same time, with the deepening of China's “the belt and road initiative”, China and other countries along the route will gain development opportunities in the fields of economic diplomacy, people-to-people humanities diplomacy, and non-traditional security. Further more, in the process of promoting the “The Belt and Road Initiative”, there are also many challenges, such as the countries along the route are skeptical about the “The Belt and Road Initiative”, the conflicts caused by ethnic, religious and cultural differences, and the interference of external forces. The so-called opportunities and challenges keep pace with each other. We need to seize the diplomatic opportunity of the “The Belt and Road Initiative”, whilist try our best to cope with the challenges we are facing, and effectively promote the development and construction of our country.

Manufacturing diffusion trends from the perspective of trade network: the belt vs. the road

ABSTRACT With the deepening of the ‘Belt and Road (B&R)’ initiative (BRI), the trends of manufacturing relocation and diffusion along the B&R has accelerated. This paper first collects bilateral trade data of 16 categories of major commodities among 55 countries along the B&R for 2017. Second, according to current and future transportation accessibility, this paper constructs two types of topological networks among countries along the B&R from the perspectives of both competitive and complementary trade. Percolation theory is adopted to analyze the manufacturing diffusion trends and bottleneck links among the two types of topological trade networks, which provides a new perspective through which to study manufacturing relocation and diffusion patterns. The results show that (1) based on current transportation accessibility, main industries percolate and agglomerate among countries with rapid economic development along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and that (2) the improvement in the China-Europe Railway Express (CR Express) postpones diffusion trends and improves the relocation potential of Silk Road Economic Belt regions.

Ecosystem Health and Environmental Geography in the Belt and Road Regions.

The “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI), i.e., the official Chinese term for the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”, was proposed to share China’s development opportunities with BRI-related countries and achieve common prosperity. Though the BRI itself conveys rich social and economic connotations, ecosystem health and the environmental problems in the Belt and Road regions are scientific issues. In this study, papers relating to the ecological issues of the BRI between January 2013 and December 2021 were collected and analyzed via CiteSpace. We found that some ecological issues were involved with the environmental challenges posed by the BRI, whereas others were, to a certain extent, subjective assumptions. Accordingly, we identified and classified the limitations and constraints of those environmental views about the BRI. By emphasizing that scientific data is key to explaining the ecological problems, we advanced four prospects for ecosystem health and environmental geography studies in the Belt and Road regions: (1) Spatial analysis and monitoring technology for the environment; (2) Clarification of the characteristics and mechanisms of the ecosystem and environments; (3) A focus on the interaction between the economy and the environment; (4) Specific and targeted strategies and solutions to different environmental problems.

Toward Better Maritime Cooperation—A Proposal from the Chinese Perspective

The development of sea power theory has undergone a transformation in the contemporary context. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, as proposed by China, is promoted as an effort to establish a cooperative development model. This approach would also seem to be consistent with the essence of modern sea power and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative. This article argues that in order to establish a viable legal cooperative framework, “hard power” cooperation and “soft power” cooperation models should be introduced, on the basis of current international treaties and customary law, and with reference to international experience.

Building a Belt and Road International Tax Dispute Prevention and Resolution Mechanism

In this article, the authors consider developments since 2019 regarding the creation of Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (BRI) Tax Dispute Prevention and Resolution Mechanism (the “Mechanism”) under the auspices of China, as well as outlining how the Mechanism could be improved.

Assessing the dynamic landscape ecological risk and its driving forces in an island city based on optimal spatial scales: Haitan Island, China

Since the construction of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, islands in China have undergone more rapid urbanization, commercialization, and tourism. The interactions between natural and anthropogenic processes, however, have severely disturbed island ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial to understand these interactions and identify key areas for island ecosystem protection and restoration by assessing the spatiotemporal patterns of landscape ecological risk. In this study, we investigated the optimal spatial scale needed to analyze spatiotemporal changes in landscape ecological risk on Haitan Island from 2000 to 2020. The landscape index varied with the change in spatial size, and the optimal grid size and scale based on semivariogram analysis were 75 m and 500 × 500 m, respectively. The spatial patterns of land use and landscape ecological risk have significantly changed owing to urban development on Haitan Island, with large amounts of cropland and forest being replaced by impervious land. The overall threat level of landscape ecological risk has decreased, and lowest-risk areas have gradually become the dominant type in the region. However, the landscape fragmentation and degree of water loss is increasing, and the landscape ecological risk of offshore areas cannot be ignored. The spatial clustering characteristics of landscape ecological risk in each period were significant, and the hotspots in the spatial distribution of the landscape ecological risk index were mainly coastal areas. The impacts of human activities on regional landscape patterns and ecosystems are increasing in intensity, and population density and distance to urban centers are the main drivers. This study provides a theoretical reference for selecting an optimal scale of analysis for ecological risk assessment in island landscapes and can be used as a reference in island spatial regulation and environmental impact assessments.

Challenges to Maritime Security of Pakistan

Pakistan’s strategic significance in the maritime sphere has been at the center of debate. Particularly with the on- going development “Port of Gwadar” and how it may crop a new profitable armature in the region and encyclopedically. Still, the broader significance lies in the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) action by China that includes Port of Gwadar under China Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC), aiming to strengthen indigenous connectivity. In turn this study shows logical and descriptive approach for assessing theoretical substantiation to measure challenges to maritime security and how it may be affected by current challenges in the swell. Further, fabrics under transnational relations; regionalism, constructivism and critical security studies approach support the core argument “Challenges to maritime security of Pakistan”. The major finding of this study is apparent through collaborative security and how effective it has been in eradicating crimes in the swell. The major recrimination of this paper is to view challenges to maritime security as a coherent approach towards security and cooperation.

The Road and Belt Initiative in Malaysia: Challenges and Recommendations

ABSTRACT In recent years, China has expanded its relations with other nations through the Belt and Road Initiative. This initiative was formally introduced after it was launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping. It comprises two components, namely, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, both of which aim to stimulate the acceleration of economic growth in Asia, Africa and Europe. This research attempts to provide a detailed review of the execution of this initiative through empirical studies based on qualitative analysis, which are closely related to BRI implementation in Malaysia. The focus of this research, however, is not limited to studying the viewpoints of leaders and scholars on the initiative; rather, it will also attempt to discuss theBRI’s progress and the obstacles encountered to date from the political aspects of both China and Malaysia. By identifying the potential challenges to come, this research will prove to be significant, as it proposes some comprehensive measures to address and forestall any setbacks that may arise, which may affect the implementation of the BRI between the two nations. Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI); Malaysia–China relations; Silk Road; China–ASEAN relations; Maritime Silk Road A

Towards a green world: the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the carbon intensity reduction of countries along the route.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has attracted widespread attention since its implementation, especially the ecological effect. However, the net environmental impact of the BRI on countries along the route has rarely been directly assessed, though nearly 8years after the BRI was proposed. This study quantitatively estimates the net effect, impact mechanism, and impact heterogeneity of the BRI on the carbon intensity reduction of countries along the route by adopting the difference-in-differences estimator based on propensity score matching, which enables a more convincing causal relationship between the BRI and the countries' ecological improvement. Research indicates that the BRI has significantly promoted the carbon intensity reduction of countries along the route, which is mainly achieved by boosting the growth of green economy (scale effect), the progress of green technology (technique effect), and the upgrading of industrial structure (composition effect). Moreover, the impact reveals obvious heterogeneity, manifested as the BRI has significantly promoted the carbon intensity reduction of countries with high institutional quality, high-income countries, and countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt, while its impacts on countries with low institutional quality, low-income countries, and countries along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road are not significant. A series of validity tests further demonstrate the robustness of the estimation.

Spatio-temporal evolution of the container port system along the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road

ABSTRACT Research on the spatio-temporal evolution of the port system along the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) can reveal the development law of ports. This study adopts the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, rank-size law, and an improved spatial and temporal correlation to investigate the spatial distribution and spatio-temporal correlation characteristics of container ports along the MSR during 2000–2019. The results show that 1) the distribution trends among port clusters have significant differences, and the gravity centre of the port system gradually shifts from Europe to Asia (market shares of European and Asian ports decline from 28.15% to 19.83% and increase from 63.80% to 66.78%, respectively); 2) the port system undergoes periodic ‘decentralisation–agglomeration–decentralisation’, and its structure gradually develops a ‘spindle’ or ‘olive’ shape; 3) the initial effect of MSR arises on the economic development of ports, and the spatial occupation ability of small- and medium-sized port clusters increases steadily; and 4) the spatial and temporal correlation gradually increases. The evolution of temporal correlation is more complicated with a bifractal structure in 2000–2010. This study can provide decision support for port development and thus clarifies the investment environment and construction of MSR.

基于集合经验模态分解去趋势的水分利用效率对气候变化响应的高程分异——以“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线省份为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于集合经验模态分解去趋势的水分利用效率对气候变化响应的高程分异——以“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线省份为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202107091848 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目（41971382）；江苏省科技厅研究生科研创新项目（1812000024462） Elevation differences in the response of ecosystem water use efficiency to climate change based on EEMD detrending:A case study of the provinces along the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:水分利用效率(WUE)是表征陆地碳-水循环耦合关系的重要指标，但其对气候变化响应的高程分异仍不清楚。通过集合经验模态分解(EEMD)去趋势和偏相关方法，以"21世纪海上丝绸之路"沿线省份为研究区，揭示WUE对气候变化的响应及其随高程的分异。研究结果表明：(1)研究区内WUE多年均值由中心向南北递减。不同植被类型的WUE多年均值由高到低依次为：常绿针叶林、混交林、常绿阔叶林、稀树灌木草地、耕地和城市建设用地。(2)51.11%的区域表现出均温与WUE的正相关；而81.46%地区表明温差的扩大会使得WUE增加；有近一半的研究区表明最高温的升高有利于提高WUE，而最低温的作用则相反；有67.99%的区域表明降水增多反而会导致WUE的减少。(3)在大多数土地覆盖类型，日温差和最低温主要与WUE呈正相关，而最高温和降水主要与WUE呈负相关。在常绿针叶林、耕地和城市建设用地，日均温与WUE呈负相关。在其他三种植被类型下则呈正相关。(4)在低海拔地区，均温与WUE呈负相关而在中高海拔地区则转变为正相关关系。而最高温则正好相反。降水与WUE的负相关关系系数随高度的增加而不断加强，而温差和最低温与WUE的正相关关系也随高度的增加而剧烈波动增强。 Abstract:Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important index representing the coupling relationship between terrestrial carbon and water cycle, but the elevation differences in the response of WUE to climate change remains unclear. By Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) de-trending and partial correlation methods, this paper takes provinces along the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" as examples to reveal the response of WUE to climate change and its differentiation with elevation. The results showed that:(1) the multiyear average WUE decreased from the center to the south and the north. The multiyear average WUE of different vegetation types from high to low was as follows:evergreen needle-leaf forest, mixed forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, savannas, croplands and urban/built-up. (2) About 51.11% of the area showed a positive correlation between average temperature and WUE, and 81.46% of the area showed that diurnal temperature and WUE were positively correlated. Nearly half of the study area indicated that the highest temperature had positive coefficient with WUE, while the lowest temperature was the opposite. In 67.99% of the area, increasing precipitation led to less WUE. (3) In most land cover types, the daily diurnal temperature range and the minimum temperature were mainly positively correlated with WUE, while the maximum temperature and precipitation were negatively correlated with WUE. In evergreen coniferous forests, croplands and urban/built-up, the daily average temperature was negatively correlated with WUE, while it was positive correlation in the other three vegetation types. (4) Average temperature had a negative coefficient with WUE in the low-altitude area, while the coefficient was positive in the mid- and high-altitude area. But it was the opposite in the relationship between the maximum temperature and WUE. The negative correlation between average precipitation and WUE became stronger with altitude rising. Meanwhile, the positive correlation between diurnal temperature and WUE, the minimum temperature and WUE also became stronger with altitude rising but with wild fluctuation. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

A novel risk assessment approach for strait/canal security evaluation along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road

The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) designed by China is of great importance to maritime transportation, economic development, and environmental protection. However, the straits/canals along the MSR have been struggling with pirate attacks, terrorism, and accidents which pose challenges for the security of MSR. There is a strong need for further investigation in strait/canal security evaluation. However, the traditional risk modelling approach used in risk assessment indicates challenges due to its incapability of dealing with incomplete data, uncertainties, and subjective judgment. Thus, we propose a novel strait/canal security assessment framework to evaluate the security of the strait/canal along the MSR on the basis of a fuzzy evidential reasoning approach. The subjective risk analysis information collection and processing process from multiple experts can be embedded in the framework in a systematic way to provide maritime stakeholders to evaluate maritime security along the MSR. The results provide decision makers with useful insights and standard tools on enhancing strait/canal security, effective routes planning as well as operational efficiency.

A Study on the Pilot Experiment of Fujian Pilot Free Trade Zone

Fujian Pilot Free Trade Zone is strategically positioned as "an experimental field for reform and innovation, a demonstration zone for deepening cross-straits economic cooperation and a new high ground for opening up and cooperation among countries and regions along "The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road". The Fujian Pilot Free Trade Zone has introduced an “Early and Pilot Implementation” policy in terms of accelerating the transformation of government functions, promoting investment and trade facilitation, innovating the cooperation model between Fujian and Taiwan, deepening financial reform and innovation, creating an open "Maritime Silk Road", etc. The Fujian FTZ devised a number of innovative projects, which are ready for implementation in other regions of China. However, there are challenges that have arisen in past years. In the future development, we can continue to exert our strengths in giving play to regional advantages, deepening cooperation with Taiwan Province, and continuously optimizing the business environment.

UNDER THE BELT AND ROAD BACKGROUND OF THE NEW PATH OF SPORTS TOURISM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

At present, the world economy shows a trend of globalization, and the transformation of "Belt and Road" from an initiative to practical action is undoubtedly a substantive response to the unfair phenomenon of globalization. Taking advantage of the cultural origin of the ancient Silk Road, the concept of win-win sharing of "Belt and Road" closely connects China with many countries in Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe, and builds a big platform for the future development of China's economy. Under this pattern, China's sports industry can vigorously develop China's sports industry. In recent years, China's sports tourism industry has been fully developed, China has become a sports country, the development of sports tourism industry has also contributed a lot to the development of the national economy. "Belt and Road" refers to "Silk Road Economic Belt" and "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", which is an important strategy to coordinate internal and external affairs and promote economic opening and development in the new period of our country. Sports tourism economy is an important part of our national economy. Under the background of "Belt and Road" economic strategy, the development of sports tourism industry is also facing more opportunities. Therefore, taking the "Belt and Road" strategy as the background, this paper discusses the related problems of the development of sports tourism industry in China, and puts forward the countermeasures for the sustainable development of sports tourism industry in China.

Blue Economic Corridors as a Part of the Belt and Road Initiative and Their Implications for The World Economy

Goal – the aim of this article is to present the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road as the maritime complement to the Silk Road Economic Belt, paying particular attention to the benefits and costs for China and other countries. Research methodology – the article uses the method of descriptive and explanatory research, as well as the cause and effect analysis based on a review of the literature on the subject. Score/results – presentation of the importance of the Maritime Silk Road (MSR) and its enormous economic potential as well as other key ramifications for the various nations situated along the routes and the world economy. Originality/value – blue economic corridors need to be understood as complement to each other regarding the strategic integration of the regions under the BRI and the benefits and costs of the engagement in them are different for various groups of countries. The implications of the MSR for China and other countries are presented in the tables covering both advantages and benefits plus disadvantages and threats.

Латиноамериканский сегмент китайского “Пояса и Пути”

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, is a strategy of China’s entry into international markets through the building of land and sea trade corridors with the necessary infrastructure. According to the Chinese government’s statements, any State and any international organization can join the project that creates an inclusive cooperation platform. The aim of this article is to analyze the implementation of BRI in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as well as to identify changes that occur in this process under the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic. The primary sources are statistical data, government documents, papers of international organizations and forums, think tank reports, speeches by officials, media publications, etc. In the course of the study, the following results are obtained: recent scientific works on the topic are systematized, the issues considered in them are highlighted; the main documents related to the BRI and China-LАС cooperation are listed and briefly characterized; the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on the implementation of BRI in the region is identified. The author comes to the conclusion that, on the one hand, the BRI is a kind of rebranding of China’s policy towards Latin America and the Caribbean. On the other hand, this initiative strengthens China’s presence in the region. It has become especially noticeable in the COVID‑19 pandemic context. In addition, there is a strategic expansion of the project itself and its goals, which may lead to a significant increase in tension between China and the USA.

Tripartite tourism trade cooperation through the belt and road initiative

"Silk Road Economic Belt" and the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" are part of China's multi-level, and complex network to revive the ancient Silk Road and reconnect countries along with it and others. Today, the tourism industry plays a prominent role to improve the economic growth and welfare of countries and it has an outstanding impact on global transformation, integration, and cultural reforms. BRI is not just a transport network but also contains cultural, and political aspects and emphasis on friendship, peace, cooperation, and mutual understanding and benefit. China seriously peruses tourism trade since 2015 under the BRI by offering “the Building of an Integrated Tourism Market along the Silk Road”. China and Iran two ancient Asian countries with extremely numerous historical and cultural treasures in their hearts, along with the newly independent Republic of Kazakhstan -with economic and security advantages-, can implement large-scale economic-cultural programs in the framework of the BRI project, in the term of Tourism Industry. This article aims to examine Tripartite Tourism Trade Cooperation between Iran, Kazakhstan, and China through the Belt and Road Initiative, Despite all economic and political constraints, enormous sanctions against Iran. More specifically Iran, along with Kazakhstan, could overcome a bunch of these substantial problems and expand their cooperation in the shadow of BRI, with the support of China.

CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE PROGRESS TOWARDS MALAYSIA’S DEVELOPMENT

Malaysia-China cooperation since normalization in 1974 has proceeded relatively well for the benefit of both countries. The prior role of Malaysia in offering the “hand of friendship” to China has reflected diplomatic co-existence in mutual trade, regional development and people-to-people relations. However, the close relationship between Malaysia and China has also impacted the position of Malaysia in joining China in the “One Belt One Road” (OBOR), which then changed to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The agenda through the BRI, launched in 2013 under the leadership of Xi Jinping, has mapped out new promising relations in various dimensions (economic, financial, technical, etc.) with Malaysia and other countries in Southeast Asia through the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road or commonly known as the Maritime Silk Road (MSR). The BRI in Malaysia has created different patterns of mutual trust on the developmental scape although there has been little discussion since it was introduced. Therefore, this article intends to fill the gap by providing an analysis on its ongoing cooperation with China since Malaysia signed on to the BRI in 2013. This analysis is placed within the context of the Malaysia-China cooperation before and ongoing projects in BRI, the people-to-people and government-to-government relations in managing the COVID-19 pandemic and the geopolitics of China’s manoeuvres in the South China Sea. Much needs to be done to strengthen cooperation through the BRI between China and Malaysia particularly as 2023 marks the first decade of this mega project, given the emerging trust deficit in the ASEAN region with regard to China’s strategic goals in her competition with the US for power and influence.