2-bromoethylamine Hydrobromide Research Articles

Regulating the continuous and concentrated distribution of Quasi-2D perovskite phases to achieve Sky-Blue Light-Emitting diodes with efficiency approaching 17%

Blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are increasingly crucial for manufacturing high-definition full-color displays due to their outstanding electroluminescent properties. Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskite stands out as the most promising material for blue light-emitting layer, given its robust quantum/dielectric confinement. In this study, we present the preparation of PeLEDs with a tunable blue emission wavelength using pure bromide perovskite components by adjusting the content of halogenated organic ammonium bromide [2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEABr)]. The bifunctional ligand BEABr not only achieves an excellent phase distribution of quasi-2D perovskite but also reduces the weak van der Waals gap between individual perovskite layers, facilitating effective energy transfer in perovskite films. Additionally, the bifunctional groups passivate perovskite defects and inhibit phase separation, leading to efficient and stable sky-blue luminescence. The BEABr-doped sky-blue PeLED demonstrated superior device performance, achieving a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.98 % at 493 nm. This work serves as inspiration for further exploration of efficient and stable commercial blue PeLED devices.

Spherical nanoparticle-modified bacterial cellulose drives SH−SY5Y cell differentiation and inhibits bacterial proliferation

Bacterial cellulose (BC) possesses good physical and mechanical properties for tissue engineering, but its negatively charged surface hinders cell adhesion. Here, the surface charge of BC was modulated with 2 −bromoethylamine hydrobromide (2 −BrEA) via a one-step synthesis method performed in alkaline aqueous solutions at room temperature. Positively charged spherical nanoparticles were thus formed in situ on BC. The amination degree of ethylamine-modified BC materials (BC−EAs) reached 2.80 mmol/g; whereas the crystallinity, fiber diameter, and water contact angle were 55.5 − 65.5%, 30 − 45 nm, and 32.5 − 44.9°, respectively. BC−EAs possess good antibacterial effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The CCK− 8 and live/dead assays suggest that BC modified with 0.09 g/mL 2 −BrEA (BC−EA3) is biocompatible and possesses a high efficiency for promoting human neuroblastoma SH−SY5Y cell proliferation and differentiation. Its antibacterial ability is beneficial for preventing the formation of biofilms in the extracellular matrix during tissue and organoid formation, while the properties promoting SH−SY5Y cell proliferation and differentiation make BC−EA3 a good candidate for nerve- or other tissue engineering.

Synthesis and application of a poly(bis-zwitterion) containing chelating motifs of N-(2-aminoethyl)iminodiacetic acid

A bis-cationic (+ +) diallyl monomer [(H2C=CHCH2)2NH+(CH2)2NH+(CH2CO2H)2 •2Cl−] (I) was prepared by a one-pot, two-step reaction of 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide, ethyl bromoacetate and diallylamine to generate [(H2C = CHCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2CO2Et)2] followed by ester hydrolysis. I underwent cyclopolymerization to afford a unique poly(bis-zwitterion) (PBZ) (± ±) II, containing repeating unit embedded with chelating motifs of N-(2-aminoethyl)iminodiacetic acid in bis-zwitterionic form NH+(CH2)2NH+(CH2CO2–)2. Electroneutral II was found to be water-insoluble, while salts like NaCl imparted water-solubility. The polymer was soluble outside a pH window of 1.5–3.5 owing to the equilibration of pH-responsive II to charge-imbalanced polymer chain. The ‘apparent’ pKas of the two NH+ centers were determined to be 5.89 and 10.57. At 2.5 ppm concentration, antiscalant PBZ II imparted 100% inhibition of CaSO4 scale formation for 30 min from its supersaturated solution, while at 20ppm concentration aided by KI, it demonstrated an outstanding synergistic 99% inhibition of mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl.

HPLC method for Residual 2-Bromoethylamine Hydrobromide in Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carriers Derived with 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl Chloride

A stable high-performance liquid chromatography-UV (HPLC) method was developed for the separation and quantification of residual 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) in hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). Residual BEA was derived by 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (MOBS-Cl) at 20 °C for 5 min in a pyridine solution. With this organic reaction system, MOBS-Cl hydrolysis in aqueous phase can be avoided in the process of derivatization, and glycine (Gly), a protein stabilizer, does not dissolve and extract from the organic reaction system, thus avoiding the serious interference of Gly on BEA determination. After derivatization, the derivative product was analyzed by HPLC with a mobile phase of 35% acetonitrile and 65% 0.01 mol/L ammonium acetate solution (v:v) and detected at 240 nm. The linear range was 0.41–40.98 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient R2 of >0.9976. Excellent method reproducibility was observed by intra- and inter-day precision, with a relative standard deviation of <3%. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was found to be <0.02 μg/mL. This method can be used for routine determination of residual 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide in hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and other biological medicines. The proposed method also provides a new strategy for the separation and determination of other amino compounds which can dissolve in organic phase.

The synthesis of desired functional groups on PEI microgel particles for biomedical and environmental applications

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) microgels were synthesized by micro emulsion polymerization technique and converted to positively charged forms by chemical treatments with various modifying agents with different functional groups, such as 2-bromoethanol (–OH), 4-bromobutyronitrile (–CN), 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (–NH2), and glycidol (–OH). The functionalization of PEI microgels was confirmed by FT-IR, TGA and zeta potential measurements. Furthermore, a second modification of the modified PEI microgels was induced on 4-bromo butyronitrile-modified PEI microgels (PEI-CN) by amidoximation, to generate new functional groups on the modified PEI microgels. The PEI and modified PEI microgels were also tested for their antimicrobial effects against various bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25323. Moreover, the PEI-based particles were used for removal of organic dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and congo red (CR). The absorption capacity of PEI-based microgels increased with modification from 101.8mg/g to 218.8mg/g with 2-bromoethylamine, 216.2m/g with 1-bromoethanol, and 224.5mg/g with 4-bromobutyronitrile for MO. The increase in absorption for CR dyes was from 347.3mg/g to 390.4mg/g with 1-bromoethanol, 399.6mg/g with glycidol, and 349.9mg/g with 4-bromobutyronitrile.

Ionic liquid self-combustion synthesis of BiOBr/Bi24O31Br10 heterojunctions with exceptional visible-light photocatalytic performances.

Heterostructured BiOBr/Bi24O31Br10 nanocomposites with surface oxygen vacancies are constructed by a facile in situ route of one-step self-combustion of ionic liquids. The compositions can be easily controlled by simply adjusting the fuel ratio of urea and 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BTH). BTH serves not only as a fuel, but also as a complexing agent for ionic liquids and a reactant to supply the Br element. The heterojunctions show remarkable adsorptive ability for both the cationic dye of rhodamine B (RhB) and the anionic dye of methylene orange (MO) at high concentrations, which is attributed to the abundant surface oxygen vacancies. The sample containing 75.2% BiOBr and 24.8% Bi24O31Br10 exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity. Its reaction rate constant is 4.0 and 9.0 times that of pure BiOBr in degrading 50 mg L(-1) of RhB and 30 mg L(-1) of MO under visible-light (λ > 400 nm) irradiation, respectively, which is attributed to the narrow band gap and highly efficient transfer efficiency of charge carriers. Different photocatalytic reaction processes and mechanisms over pure BiOBr and heterojunctions are proposed.

Absorption of Cr(VI) onto amino-modified titanate nanotubes using 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide through SN2 reaction

Unlike the complex reaction of grafting amino groups using harmful organic solvents, we proposed an environmental friendly method for effective amino grafting on titanate nanotubes (TNTs) with 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (2-Bh) through a two-step SN2 reaction in pure water solution. The amino-modified titanate nanotubes (TNTs-RNH2) were characterized by Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, the molar ratio of NaOH/2-Bh was 1.2 for step 1 and 1.3 for step 2 with corresponding reaction time of 12h and 24h, respectively. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) onto TNTs-RNH2 well fits Langmuir model with maximal adsorption capacity of 69.1mg/g, which is almost five times larger than that of fresh TNTs. The slight decrease in adsorption capacity with NO3- concentration was attributed to competition from ions, suppression of electric double layer and changes of Cr(VI) speciation. The wide adsorption pH range was due to much larger point of zero charge (8.2) and electrostatic attraction between positively charged TNTs-RNH2 and Cr(VI) with different speciations. The products could be well reused due to simple desorption at pH 10 with about 20% loss of the adsorption capacity after three recycles without any regeneration treatment.

The generation of desired functional groups on poly(4-vinyl pyridine) particles by post-modification technique for antimicrobial and environmental applications

Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (p(4-VP)) particles were synthesized by a simple micro-emulsion polymerization technique using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant. The prepared p(4-VP) particles were then treated various modifying agents with different functional groups. The modifying agents used in the modification of p(4-VP) particles are N-alkyl quaternizing agents such as 2-bromo ethanol (OH), 4-bromo butyronitrile (CN), and 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (NH2). The functional groups on the modified p(4-VP) particles were confirmed by FT-IR spectrometry and zeta potential measurements. The size of p(4-VP) and modified p(4-VP) particles is between 300 and 700nm, and the zeta potentials of modified p(4-VP) particles were varied between 2 and 45mV. Moreover, a second post-modification was carried out on 4-bromo butyronitrile modified p(4-VP) particles by amidoximation. The modified p(4-VP) particles were also tested for their antimicrobial effects against various bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. It was found that p(4-VP) do not posses antimicrobial properties, whereas the modified forms especially p(4-VP)+ and p(4-VP)+–NH3+ showed highly bactericidal characteristics. Due to the positive charge by means of new functional groups generated on p(4-VP)-based particles by modification, the absorption of oppositely charged reagents such as fluorescein sodium salt (FSS) was increased drastically. For example, the absorption capacity of unmodified p(4-VP) was increased to 93.3, 93.5, and 93.6 form 37.6mg for p(4-VP)+, p(4-VP)+–NH2, p(4-VP)+–NH3+, respectively. Moreover, upon modification, except Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) absorption capacities were increased from about 15.9, and 22.1mg to 21.1 and 39,1mg per gram particles.

Toxicogenomic biomarkers for renal papillary injury in rats

Renal papillary injury is a common side effect observed during nonclinical and clinical investigations in drug development. The present study aimed to identify genomic biomarkers for early and sensitive detection of renal papillary injury in rats. We hypothesized that previously identified genomic biomarkers for tubular injury might be applicable for the sensitive detection of papillary injury in rats. We selected 18 genes as candidate biomarkers for papillary injury based on previously published studies and analyzed their expression profiles by RT-PCR in each kidney region, namely the cortex, cortico-medullary junction, and papilla in various nephrotoxicity models. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles revealed that some genes were commonly upregulated or downregulated in the renal papilla, reflecting papillary injuries induced by 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide, phenylbutazone, or n-phenylanthranilic acid. By applying receiver operator characteristics analysis, six candidate biomarkers were identified and their usefulness was confirmed by using an independent data set. The three top-ranked genes, Timp1, Igf1, and Lamc2, exhibited the best prediction performance in an external data set with area under the curve (AUC) values of greater than 0.91. An optimized support vector machine model consisting of three genes achieved the highest AUC value of 0.99. In conclusion, even though definitive validation studies are required for the establishment of their usefulness and reliability, these identified genes may prove to be the most promising candidate genomic biomarkers of renal papillary injury in rats.

A toxicogenomic investigation of renal papillary necrosis induced by 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide

A toxicogenomic investigation of renal papillary necrosis induced by 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide

An expedient in situ preparation of symmetrical 1,4-dibenzylpiperazines from benzyl bromides and 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide

A straightforward synthesis of a variety of 1,4-bis-benzylpiperazines from benzyl halides and 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide is described.

Sequential measurements of glomerular filtration rate in conscious rats by a bolus injection of iodixanol and a single blood sample

To estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) sequentially in conscious rats, we validated a single-blood-sample method using a bolus injection of the nonionic contrast medium iodixanol as a tracer. First, to clarify basal age-related GFR profiles, iodixanol was intravenously administered once weekly at 1500 mg kg(-1) I to clinically healthy male F344 rats from 6 to 15 weeks of age. The blood sample was collected 120 min later, and serum iodixanol concentration was measured by HPLC. GFR values decreased gradually by 9 weeks, presumably due to rapidly increased body weights, and then remained constant from 10 weeks onward. When converting the GFR from body weight to body surface area, the reference range (40-60 ml min(-1) m(-2) ) in the latter was much more stable than that (6-11 ml min(-1) kg(-1) ) in the former. For nephropathy rats induced by cisplatin (3.75-7.5 mg kg(-1) , i.v., single dose), bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA, 250-500 mg kg(-1) , i.v., single dose) or puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN, 15 mg kg(-1) day(-1) , s.c., 10 days), GFR decreased or tended to decrease before increasing in serum urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine concentrations. Accordingly, serum UN and creatinine concentrations became elevated when the GFR decreased to 50-60% of the basal value. This method without urine collection contributes to the reduction of animal numbers because of repeated application to the same animals.

Osmoregulation of natriuretic peptide receptors in bromoethylamine-treated rat kidney

Extracellular osmolarity is known as an important factor for the regulation of natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs). We investigated the intra-renal osmoregulation of NPRs using renal medullectomized rats with bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA, 200 mg/kg). The administration of BEA caused the decreased food intake and body weight. Water intake was decreased on the first day and then increased from the second day. Urine volume was persistently increased from the first day and free water clearance was also increased from the second day. Urinary excretions of sodium and potassium were decreased on the second day and then recovered to control level. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) in BEA-treated rats were not different from control rats. The inactive renin was increased. The maximum binding capacities of 125I-ANP as well as 125I-DNP decreased in glomeruli and medulla of BEA-treated rat kidneys but the binding affinity was not changed. In renal cortex, the gene expressions of ANP, NPR-A, and NPR-B were not changed but that of NPR-C decreased. In renal medulla, the gene expressions of NPR-A, -B, and -C decreased without change in ANP mRNA. Both renal medullary osmolarity and sodium concentration by BEA treatment were lower than those in control kidney. The cGMP concentrations in renal medulla and urine in BEA-treated rats were higher than those in control rats. These results suggest that the increased cGMP production may be partly involved in the decrease in NPRs mRNA expression and their binding capacities by BEA-induced medullectomy.

Silver(I) complexes based on novel tripodal thioglycosides: synthesis, structure and antimicrobial activity

The reaction of tris(2-bromoethyl)amine hydrobromide with sugar thiols or thioacetates leads to the formation of novel carbohydrate substituted tripodal NS 3 ligands. Complexation with silver(I) ions gives stable complexes. NMR, X-ray, MS and EXAFS studies indicate their mononuclear C 3-symmetric structure. The highly water soluble complexes formed from the unprotected ligands show a wide spectrum of effective antimicrobial activities and their use lowers the cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities compared to the free silver salts.

Nylon surface modification. Part 1. Targeting the amide groups for selective introduction of reactive functionalities

Nylon is a widely used synthetic polymer because it has a combination of strength, flexibility, toughness, and abrasion resistance. For a variety of applications, however, it is necessary to impart desired surface properties by introducing specific functional groups in specific locations and densities. Several chemical modification methods were developed for the introduction of functional groups to nylon surfaces using amide-selective reactions without cleaving the polymer chains. Activation of amides by reaction with potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK) facilitates the N-alkylation of surface amides. When 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA–HBr) was employed as an alkylating agent, surfaces with a mixture of primary/secondary/tertiary amine groups were obtained. Alkylation with (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane (GPTES) was utilized to prepare surfaces with silica-like reactivity. Chemical reduction with borane–THF complex (BH3-THF) results in a 69% conversion of surface amide groups to the corresponding secondary amines. A kinetic study of this reaction for different types of nylon films revealed that the yield was dependent on the segmental mobility of the polymer. These surfaces are useful substrates for the fabrication of nylon-supported composite films.

Nylon Surface Modification: 2. Nylon-Supported Composite Films

We have developed techniques for the introduction of reactive functional groups to nylon surfaces via site-specific reactions targeting at the naturally abundant amide repeating units on the surface. In this report, we describe the fabrication of nylon-supported composite surfaces using the most efficient modification methods we have developed. N-Alkylation with (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane (GPTES) in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK) leads to surfaces with silica-like reactivity. Subsequent chemical vapor deposition using tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4) and water results in composite films with a thin layer of silica, which was made hydrophobic by reaction with a fluorinated silane reagent. Reduction of the amide groups with borane-THF (BH3-THF) complex leads to a 69% conversion of surface amides to the corresponding secondary amine groups. Alginate was chosen as the model polyelectrolyte for the introduction of a hydrated surface layer. Because of the strong electrostatic interaction between alginate and the amine-enriched nylon surfaces, the adsorption is fast and concentration-independent (within the concentration range studied). The polysaccharide coats the surface homogeneously, without the formation of large aggregates. The amine surfaces obtained by reduction with BH3-THF ((BH3-THF)nylon-NH) and by alkylation with 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA-HBr, (EBA-HBr)nylon-NH2) were also used to study gold deposition through electroless plating. Immobilization of a negatively charged metal complex (AuCl4(-)) was achieved through electrostatic interaction. Gold particles disperse preferentially in the bulk of (EBA-HBr)nylon-NH2 films, while they remain confined to the outer surface layer of (BH3-THF)nylon-NH films.

Amino-Functionalized Ionic Liquid as A Nucleophilic Scavenger in Solution Phase Combinatorial Synthesis

A new functionalized ionic liquid, 1-aminoethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate was synthesized from 1-methylimidazole and 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide. This ionic liquid was found to be an efficient scavenger for removing excess electrophiles, such as benzoyl chloride, p-toluenesulfochloride, phenyl isothiocyanate, and p-chlorophenyl isocyanate, in a solution-phase parallel synthesis. The resulting ionic liquid derivatives can be separated directly from the reaction mixture. Desired products were obtained with high purity. Only 1.5-2.0 equiv of this scavenger was needed with a sequestration time of less than 35 min. In addition, the used ionic liquid can be regenerated and recycled several times without significant loss of activity.

Prediction of Nephrotoxicant Action and Identification of Candidate Toxicity-Related Biomarkers

A vast majority of pharmacological compounds and their metabolites are excreted via the urine, and within the complex structure of the kidney,the proximal tubules are a main target site of nephrotoxic compounds. We used the model nephrotoxicants mercuric chloride, 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide, hexachlorobutadiene, mitomycin, amphotericin, and puromycin to elucidate time- and dose-dependent global gene expression changes associated with proximal tubular toxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed via intraperitoneal injection once daily for mercuric chloride and amphotericin (up to 7 doses), while a single dose was given for all other compounds. Animals were exposed to 2 different doses of these compounds and kidney tissues were collected on day 1, 3, and 7 postdosing. Gene expression profiles were generated from kidney RNA using 17K rat cDNA dual dye microarray and analyzed in conjunction with histopathology. Analysis of gene expression profiles showed that the profiles clustered based on similarities in the severity and type of pathology of individual animals. Further, the expression changes were indicative of tubular toxicity showing hallmarks of tubular degeneration/regeneration and necrosis. Use of gene expression data in predicting the type of nephrotoxicity was then tested with a support vector machine (SVM)-based approach. A SVM prediction module was trained using 120 profiles of total profiles divided into four classes based on the severity of pathology and clustering. Although mitomycin C and amphotericin B treatments did not cause toxicity, their expression profiles were included in the SVM prediction module to increase the sample size. Using this classifier, the SVM predicted the type of pathology of 28 test profiles with 100% selectivity and 82% sensitivity. These data indicate that valid predictions could be made based on gene expression changes from a small set of expression profiles. A set of potential biomarkers showing a time- and dose-response with respect to the progression of proximal tubular toxicity were identified. These include several transporters (Slc21a2, Slc15, Slc34a2), Kim 1, IGFbp-1, osteopontin, alpha-fibrinogen, and Gstalpha.

Validation of binary ethyleneimine (BEI) used as an inactivant for foot and mouth disease tissue culture vaccine

The complete inactivation of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus is a critical requirement in the production of FMD vaccine to ensure the safety of the product. Binary ethyleneimine (BEI) is an aziridine compound, produced from bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) commonly used for the inactivation of FMD virus during vaccine manufacturing. The validation of BEI, when used as an inactivant, is essential to ensure the quality of the inactivating agent and the validity of the process. In the present study, the inactivation kinetics of Foot and Mouth Disease virus (O, A and Asia-1 serotypes) were determined for different concentrations of BEI (0.4 mM, 0.8 mM, 1.2 mM, 1.6 mM and 2.0 mM). Statistically significant differences in the inactivation kinetics were observed between 0.4 mM and 1.6 mM of BEI. The results indicated that BEI at 1.6 mM was able to inactivate the FMD virus within 8–10 h. Increasing the concentration of BEI beyond 1.6 mM did not appreciably improve the inactivation process. No differences in the inactivation kinetics were found between the various serotypes studied. This study can be used as a guideline for routine procedures for validating the quality of BEA and the inactivation process.

Lack of Role of Platelet Aggregation on 2-Bromoethylamine Hydrobromide-induced Renal Papillary Necrosis in Rats

We investigated the role of platelet aggregation on 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide-induced renal papillary necrosis by using the rats treated with antiplatelet drug. Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with ticlopidine hydrochloride at 300 mg/kg/day for 5 successive days. Ten control rats were orally administered with the vehicle. Five rats in each group were injected intraperitoneally with 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide at 100 mg/kg at 1 hr after the 3rd administration of ticlopidine or the vehicle and the remaining five rats in each group received saline in the same manner. On the last day of the treatment, blood was collected and ADP-induced platelet aggregation was measured. The kidneys were examined microscopically and the area of total renal papillary necrosis was measured. Platelet aggregation was significantly inhibited in ticlopidine-treated rats. However, renal papillary necrosis was observed in all rats injected with 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide and there was no difference in the area of renal papillary necrosis between ticlopidine and vehicle-treated groups. These data showed that platelet aggregation did not contribute to the development of 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide-induced renal papillary necrosis in rats.