2-benzenedicarboxylic Acid Research Articles

Boosting capacitive performance of electrode material by facile incorporation of phthalic acid ligand-based bimetallic MOF for supercapacitors

The bimetallic approach can offer a synergistic effect and energy-efficient metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based electrode materials for electrochemical applications. The interconnected frameworks convert themselves into a two-dimensional conducting stacked structure with the favorable entity of metal ions bonded to metal-ligand covalence. This network prioritizes charge transport within the plane, minimizing the importance of out-plane transport. To achieve this, we propose a straightforward and efficient method for integrating Ni2+ and Co2+ metal ions with 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid) ligands. By employing this strategy, we can fabricate a bimetallic metal-organic framework electrode using a simple aromatic ligand, thus avoiding the complex synthesis typically associated with MOFs. This specially designed MOF electrode material enhances the electrochemical activities of the selected ligands. The presence of redox-active centers and conductive structure provides excellent behavior of the material with a high performance of 1755 Fg−1 (754.82 Cg−1) at 2 Ag−1. Also, the fabricated asymmetric device delivers (58.25 Whkg−1 energy density and 1299.90 Wkg−1 power density) with only a 9 % reduction in capacitance over 22 K cycles. The strategic design of a bimetallic Ni-Co-based metal-organic framework with bidentate ligand offers the potential to increase the electrochemical activities relative to single metallic MOFs.

Histological validation of in-vivo larvicidal efficacy of marine Streptomyces sp. RD06 secondary metabolites against filariasis causing Culex quinquefasciatus and statistical media optimization for larvicidal derivatives production

Mosquito-borne disease pandemics, such as the Zika virus and chikungunya, have escalated cognizance of how critical it is to implement proficient mosquito vector control measures. The prevention of Culicidae is becoming more difficult these days because of the expeditious imminence of synthetic pesticide resistance and the universal expansion of tremendously invasive mosquito vectors. The present study highlights the insecticidal and larvicidal efficacy of the prospective novel actinobacterium derived from the marine Streptomyces sp. RD06 secondary metabolites against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. The pupicidal activity of Streptomyces sp. RD06 showed LC50=199.22 ± 11.54 and LC90= 591.84 ± 55.41 against the pupa. The purified bioactive metabolites 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diheptyl ester from Streptomyces sp. RD06 exhibited an LC50 value of 154.13 ± 10.50 and an LC90 value of 642.84 ± 74.61 tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The Streptomyces sp. RD06 secondary metabolites exhibited 100 % non-hatchability at 62.5 ppm, and 82 % of hatchability was observed at 250 ppm. In addition, media optimization showed that the highest biomass production was attained at a temperature of 41.44 °C, pH 9.23, nitrogen source 11.43 mg/ml, and carbon source 150 mg/ml. Compared to control larvae, the histology and confocal microscopy results showed destruction to the anal gill, lumen content, and epithelial layer residues in the treated larvae. Utilizing an eco-friendly method, these alternative inventive insecticidal derivatives from Streptomyces sp. RD06 eradicates Culex quinquefasciatus. This study highlights the promising potential of these Streptomyces sp. RD06 secondary metabolites to develop affordable and efficacious mosquito larvicides to replace synthetic insecticides in the future.

Effect of a phthalate derivative purified from Bacillus zhangzhouensis SK4 on quorum sensing regulated virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes life-threatening diseases and is resistant to almost all conventional antibiotics. The quorum sensing (QS) system of P. aeruginosa contributes to many pathogenic factors some of which are pigment production, motility, and biofilm. The disruption of quorum sensing system may be an impactful strategy to deal with infections. The present study investigates the anti-quorum sensing property of a bioactive molecule extracted from marine epibiotic bacteria present on the surface of seaweeds. Among all the isolates tested against monitor strain Chromobacterium violaceum (MTCC 2656), the one with the highest activity was identified as Bacillus zhangzhouensis SK4. The culture supernatant was extracted with chloroform which was then partially purified by TLC and column chromatography. The probable anti-QS compound was identified as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl ester) by GC-MS and NMR analysis. The treatment of P. aeruginosa MCC 3457 with the lead compound resulted in the reduced production of pyocyanin, rhamnolipids, exopolysaccharide, biofilm, and motility. The observations of light and scanning electron microscopy also supported the biofilm inhibition. The lead compound showed synergism with the meropenem antibiotic and significantly reduced MIC. The molecular docking and pharmacokinetics study predicted 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl ester), a phthalate derivative as a good drug candidate. The molecular dynamics study was also performed to check the stability of the lead compound and LasR complex. Further, lead compounds did not exhibit any cytotoxicity when tested on human embryonic kidney cells. As per our knowledge, this is the first report on the anti-QS activity of B. zhangzhouensis SK4, indicating that epibiotic bacteria can be a possible source of novel compounds to deal with the multidrug resistance phenomenon.

The Characterization of Volatile Compounds of Lupin Türkiye Genotype HS-SPME/GC-MS Method

The aim of this study is to reveal the volatile and semi-volatile constituent of the local Lupinus albus L. genotype grown in Türkiye by using the HS-SPME technique. Local lupin is a legume plant with great potential due to its high seed yield and protein and oil content in the seeds. Powdered seeds of local lupin genotypes were analysed and compared with respect to types and contents of volatile semi-volatile compounds contents using four different SPME fiber with GC-MS system in W9N11, SWGDR4G4 and SWGDR4G5 libraries. Fiber with 50/30 µm DVB/CAR/PDMS identified 54 compounds, 65 µm PDMS/DVB fiber 97 compounds, 85 µm Carboxen/PDMS fiber 28 compounds, and 85 µm polyacrylate 12 compounds. As a result, 65 µm PDMS/DVB fiber is the most preferable in terms of compound identification, with 97 compound. In terms of content, Benzene, Methyl(1-Methylethyl) (39.92%), Gamma-Terpinene (12.26%), Cis-Ocimene (5.93%), 1,3,6-Octatriene,3,7-Dimethyl-(% 5.51), Beta-Myrcene (4.70%), Alpha-Pinene (4.39%), Alpha.-Thujene (4.21%), Alpha Terpinene (2.55%), Camphene (2.23%), 1,6-Octadien-3-Ol,3,7-Dimethyl (2.10%) were mostly detected in the analysis with 50/30 µm DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber. With the other fiber 65 µm PDMS/DVB; phospine oxide, triphenyl- (15.49 %), pulegone (5.03 %), L-linalool (3.85 %), cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl (3.54 %), cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl (3.13 %), cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl (2.32 %), oxime-,methoxy-phenyl (2.08 %), 1-pentanamine,N-pentyl (1.60 %), 3,5-octadıen-2-one (1.55 %), I-menthone (1.50 %). Fiber 85 µm Carboxen/PDMS; the most four components in the content are; Benzene, 2, 4-diisocyanato-1-methyl (54.27 %), Pyrrole-3-carbonitrile, 5-formyl-2, 4 (18.41 %), 1-Butanol, 4-(1-methylethoxy) (14.67 %), pyridine,4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)- (8.13 %). With 85 µm polyacrylate fibre the most found component is 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester (98.90 %). In conclusion, as far as we know this study is the first study about the volatile content of local lupin genotype of Türkiye.

Mycochemical composition and antioxidant activity of root endophytic aquatic hyphomycetes isolated from the riparian area of Kumaun Himalaya, India

Endophytic fungi are essential sources of various bioactive natural compounds. The present study is aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant compounds of the root endophytic aquatic hyphomycetous fungi Tetracladium setigerum isolated from the roots of Barberries aristata growing in the riparian area of Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya. The chemical profiling was done by GC-MS analysis. The presence of 32 compounds characterised the fungal extract. 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester; Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; and Bicyclo [3.2.1]octan-4-on-1-carbonsaeure,6-(6,10dimethyl-1,5,9-undecatrien-2-yl)-8-methyl-, ethyl ester were reported as major compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of T. setigerum. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was assessed by DPPH, MCA, and FRAP assay. In antioxidant analysis, the ethyl acetate extract of T. setigerum presents IC50, 42.34 µg/ml, and 46.90 µg/ml using DPPH and MCA, respectively. The tested extract also showed effective antioxidant activity 436.71 ± 9.3 mg AAE/g of the dry extract using FRAP assay.

Understanding the sequential flotation separation of fluorite, barite and calcite through the AFM adhesion force

Using 1-octadecyl ester-1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (OEBA) as a collector, the flotation separation of fluorite, calcite and barite was investigated in this paper. The micro-flotation results showed that OEBA efficiently floated out fluorite and barite from calcite at pH ∼ 9.0, and barite from fluorite at pH ∼ 11.0. OEBA adsorbed on the surface of fluorite, barite and calcite through forming the Ca(Ⅱ)/Ba(Ⅱ)-carboxylate species. The adsorption capacity, in-situ AFM image, interaction force and adhesion force deduced that at pH ∼ 9.0, the hydrophobicity of the three minerals treated by OEBA was followed as fluorite > barite ≫ calcite, while it changed to barite > fluorite ≫ calcite at pH ∼ 11.0. These well explained the sequential flotation separation of barite, fluorite and calcite at pH ∼ 9.0 and 11.0. This work also provided the adhesion force criterion for designing and developing collectors, as well as the flotation separation conditions including the pulp pH, collector or depressant.

Biochemical profiling of selected plant extracts and their antifungal activity in comparison with fungicides against Colletotrichum capsici L. causing anthracnose of Chilli

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is the utmost significant cash crop of Pakistan. Annually, about 50% chili yield is reduced by chili anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici. The current study was conducted to explore the antifungal potential of plant extracts in comparison with commercial fungicides against C. capsici. Morphologically recognized strains of C. capsici were subjected to pathogenicity assay where strain CC-2 showed a highly virulent response. Results from in-vitro studies showed that Ginger (15 % concentration) inhibited fungal mycelial growth and spore germination and results were comparable to Nativo and Antracol at 1000 ppm. From the protective and curative trials, among plant extracts, Ginger at 15% showed maximum crop protective activity (84%) and maximum curative activity (70%). Consequently, among fungicides, Antracol at 1000 ppm showed highest crop protective activity (92%) and maximum curative efficacy (96%). The results of pot experiments showed that among the plant extracts, Ginger significantly inhibited C. capsici and increased plant growth while among fungicides, Antracol was found to be more effective than Nativo. PCA explored the correlation between growth parameters of chili plants treated with plant extracts and fungicides. Biochemical profiling and phytochemical characterization indicated the presence of tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars and anthraquinones in ginger and chicory extracts. Ginger showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (64.9 ± 1.85) as compared to chicory (54.6 ± 2.8). GC–MS analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds including Ethanol, Acetone, 2-Butanone, Trichloromethane, 2-Butanone, 4-(4‑hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, Gingerol, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, Hexane, Glycerin, Sucrose, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid, 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether, and 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] methyl]ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z). FTIR analysis showed 12, 8 and 13 peak values respectively indicating the presence of important functional groups. NMR analysis showed 4 and 7 peak values of ginger and chicory extracts indicating the structures of functional groups. There is a need to test the disease suppressive potential of plant extracts under field conditions to manage other fatal plant pathogens.

Investigation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effect of Chemical Compounds Cardamine uliginosa Plant

Background & Aims: Brassicaceae is a medium-sized family of flowering plants. The family contains more than 327 genera. Cardamine uliginosa is a type of plant of this species. Chemical and biochemical findings of this genus are very limited. This study aimed to investigate the chemical compounds and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of C. uliginosa. Materials and Methods: Essential oil was prepared by hydrodistillation method and microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD). The chemical composition of essential oil was evaluated by GC and GC-MS methods. The antioxidant property of the hydroalcoholic extract was investigated by 2, 2-dipheny1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. Finally, the antibacterial activity of C. uliginosa was investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Results: Phetalic acid, Phenil, Caryophyllene, Eicosane, and other chemical compounds were found in the essential oil of C. uliginosa. The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of hydroalcoholic extract was 0.42 µg/mL. The MIC and the MBC against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 15.62 and 31.25 respectively. The major compounds in the essential oils were 3-methyl-4-isopropylphenol (15.20%) and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (16.75%). Conclusion: Considering the chemical compounds of C. uliginosa and the finding of the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of C. uliginosa in vitro, capability of this plant needs to be further investigated for use in health and medical industries.

Anti-fouling potential and in-silico analysis of carotenoid and fatty acids from Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.

Study investigated the antifouling potential ofRauvolfia tetraphyllaL. fruit, leaf and stem extracts against the marine fouling organisms throughin-vitroand in-silicoapproach. Methanolic crude extract of R. tetraphylla L.leaf exhibited maximum antibacterial potential against six fouling organisms isolated from Parangipettai coast and was further taken up for column fractionation. Twenty-four fractions were obtained, among which five fractions showed inhibitory efficiency against microfoulers of Bacillus megaterium. The active compounds present in the bioactive fraction were identified by FTIR, GC-MS and NMR (13C; 1H). The bioactive compounds that exhibited maximum antifouling activity were identified as Lycopersene (80%), Hexadecanoic acid; 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester; Heptadecene - (8) - carbonic acid - (1) and Oleic acid. Molecular docking studies of the potent anti-fouling compounds Lycopersene, Hexadecanoic acid, 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester and Oleic acid showed the binding energy of 6.6, - 3.8, −5.3 and −5.9 (Kcal/mol) and hence these compounds will act as a potential biocide to control the aquatic foulers. Moreover, further studies need to carry out in terms of toxicity, field assessment and clinical trial in order to take these biocides for a patent.

Anti-nutritional and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum

Abstract Objectives The anti-nutritional composition and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) were carried out. Methods The anti-nutritional factors and GC-MS were analysed using standard methods. Key findings The anti-nutritional constituents of the samples were in the order of phenols > terpenoids > flavonoids > tannins > glycosides > alkaloids > hydrogen cyanide > saponins > steroids. The phytochemicals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in extract than fractions, the terpenoids value obtained as 1904.72 mg/100 g from ethanol extract is significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the values of 935.80 mg/100 g and 968.92 mg/100 g gotten from it ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) for the ethyl acetate 0.74 mg/100 g and methanol 0.79 mg/100 g fractions of steroids. However, the methanol fraction of tannins, phenols, glycosides, saponins and hydrogen cyanide were significantly higher than its ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion Chromatogram of GC-MS analysis of the samples of SJ showed 49, 43 and 24 peaks for crude ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the crude ethanol root extract and fractions as shown in Tables 2–4 contain hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid and nonanoic acid methyl ester. The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of SJ contain 16.9 and 10.1% of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (8-methylnonyl) ester, respectively.

GC-MS Analysis and Bioactivities of the Essential Oil of Suaeda aegyptiaca

Suaeda aegyptiaca is a halophytic plant widely growing in northeast Africa and Asia. The current study reports on the GC-MS analysis of S. aegyptiaca essential oil. The essential oil was prepared using three different methods: cold n-hexane extraction (CHE), hot n-hexane extraction (HHE), and hydro-distillation extraction (HDE). The GC-MS analysis detected twenty-eight compounds in both CHE (97.28%) and HHE (97.35%) and twenty compounds in HDE (98.65%). 2-methyloctacosane (48.72%); 11-decyldocosane (29.20%); and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester (57.87%) were the main constituents in CHE, HHE, and HDE, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity testing using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) revealed the notable anti-oxidant potential of HDE (IC50 0.358 mg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 0.264 mg/mL). Moreover, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity testing using COX-1 and COX-2 showed the notable activity of HDE (IC50 5.50 µg/mL and 2.59 µg/mL, respectively). The observed anti-inflammatory activity of HDE was further confirmed by the characteristic decrease in TNF-α levels in RAW264.7 to 572.20 Pg/mL compared to the decrease of 442.80 Pg/mL caused by the positive control (Celecoxib®). On the other hand, a cytotoxic activity investigation indicated that CHE was the most potent against the Caco-2 and HCT-116 cell lines (IC50 8.11 and 11.18 µg/mL, respectively), and it was closely followed by HHE (IC50 12.42 µg/mL) against the Caco-2 cell line. Collectively, S. aegyptiaca essential oil prepared by the hydro-distillation method exhibited notable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, while the same essential oil prepared by solvent extraction methods displayed a characteristic cytotoxic activity against the Caco-2 and HCT-116 cell lines. These results confirmed that different extraction methods greatly influence the biological potential of an essential oil, which, in turn, is attributable to the different constituents in each extract Moreover, S. aegyptiaca was noted as a promising halophytic plant for more phytochemical and biological investigations.

Docking of potentially bioactive compounds from Schefflera stellata (Geartn.) Baill against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Lung cancer

Receptor tyrosine kinase is a large transmembrane protein family that is often deregulated to cause lung cancer. EGFR is a cell membrane receptor that is over-expressed in lung cancer with numerous active mutated genes. Pharmacologically active compounds were purified from methanolic leaf extract of Schefflera stellata (Geartn.) Baill. which shows the potent inhibitory effect on over-expressed EGFRs. FTIR analysis D4 and D5 shows the presence of different functional groups such as carboxylic acids, phenol, amines, alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, alkyl halides, esters, aromatic amines, ethers, aliphatic amines, saturated aliphatic compounds with 14 major characteristics peaks of bioactive components. Docking studies were carried out between the EGFR tyrosine kinase and purified bioactive compounds (D4 and D5). Totally 5 bioactive molecules were docked with both wild and mutated EGFR. The 3 ligand molecules were picked out based on their binding energy. Among 3 bioactive molecules 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, mono (2-Ethylhexyl) ester (CID 20393) was found to be most effective that inhibiting over-expressed EGFR tyrosine kinase. The results confirmed that the purified bioactive compounds of Schefflera stellata (Geartn.) Baill. methanolic leaf extract possessed different bioactive functional constituents and its inhibitory role in binding with the D5 compound in over-expressed EGFR in lung cancer cells using docking studies.

Biocidal action, characterization, and molecular docking of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) leaves extract against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae.

Mosquitoes are found in tropical and subtropical areas and are the carriers of a variety of diseases that are harmful to people’s health. e.g., malaria, filariasis, chikungunya, dengue fever, etc. Although several insecticides are available, however, due to insect resistance and environmental hazards, more eco-friendly chemicals are needed for insect control. So, the current research was planned to explore the prospective of Mentha piperita to be used for the formulation of larvicides against mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The ethanolic and water extracts of M. piperita leaves were prepared using the soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were dried and subjected to prepare five concentrations multiple of 80 ppm. Each concentration was applied for its larvicidal efficacy setting an experiment (in triplicate) in plastic containers of 1000 ml with extracts, 30 larvae of all four instars separately, and fed with dog biscuits along with controls. Observations were taken after each 12 hrs. till 72 hrs. The antioxidant perspective of M. piperita was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing power assays. Using brine shrimp lethality bioactivity, the cytotoxic study was perceived. Standard techniques were used to classify the M. piperita extract using preliminary qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, and GC-MS analysis. M. piperita ethanolic leaves extract after 24 hrs. of exposure in 400 ppm showed 93% (LC50 = 208.976 ppm) mortality in ethanolic extract and 80% (LC90 = 246.900 ppm) in the water extract. In treated larvae, biochemical examination revealed a substantial (P<0.05) decrease in proteins, carbohydrates, and fat contents. The ethanol extract of M. piperita was the most efficient, killing brine shrimp nauplii in 50% to 90% of cases. TAC (125.4 3.5gAAE/mg DW) and FRP (378.1 1.0gAAE/mg DW) were highest in the ethanolic extract of M. piperita. The presence of medicinally active components such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and others in M. piperita leaves extract in ethanol was discovered. The UV-Vis spectrum showed two peaks at 209.509 and 282.814 nm with the absorption of 2.338 and 0.796 respectively. The FT-IR consequences exhibited the occurrence of alcohols, alkanes, aldehyde, aromatic rings, ether linkage, ester, and halo- compounds. The GC-MS analysis according to peak (%) area and retention time showed ten phytochemicals consisting of six major and four minor compounds. Among all the compounds, 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, and 3-ethyl-5, 5-dimethyl -6-phenyl bound well to the NS3 protease domain with PDB ID: 2FOM. Hence, for the prevention of health hazards and mosquito control, M. Piperita is a potential source of chemicals for insecticide formulation.

Volatile Bioactive Compounds from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64, an Endophytic Fungus Residing in the Leaf of Ocimum sanctum

Endophytic fungi are known as potential novel compound producers with promising antimicrobial activities. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the possible bioactive compounds present in the ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in disc diffusion assay. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with chloroform, acetone and ethyl acetate (1:2:1, respectively) used as a solvent system and nine spots with diverse polarities were obtained. The TLC chromatogram with the active spot was localized with bioautography assay and the finding revealed that the dark spot with an Rf value of 0.5882 showed good antibacterial activity against all test bacteria. The fraction F5 exhibited promising antibacterial activity upon partial purification of dark spot via column chromatography and the GC-MS analysis of fraction F5 resulted in the detection of a major compound, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester with 90% matching factor. Thus, this compound may greatly contribute to the antibacterial activity of the fraction and has the potential to be developed as an antibiotic. The findings indirectly indicate that fungal endophytes from the medicinal plant could be a potential candidate for bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical properties.

Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Compounds Produced by Fungal Degradation of Soybean Oil Using Lignocellulose Biomass as Surface

Methyl esters were produced by fungal degradation of soybean oil using banana leaves as surface. Analysis of the products also revealed medicinal compounds (Benzyl Benzoate obtained from the banana leaves used as surface for the fungal degradation of the soybean oil and 1, 2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid dioctyl ester obtained from the soybean oil impurities). Microorganism activity test was carried out on the medicinal compounds to confirm their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The result showed that both had antibacterial and antifungal activity as shown by the zones of inhibition and as a result can find useful applications in food processing and preservation as well as agriculture as pest/disease control agents.

In vitro Evaluation of Purple Inflorescence of Gomphrena globosa (L.) Extracts for Antiinflammatory Activity and its GC/MS Profile

The complex biological process that protects the body by triggering immune system for infection, injury or disease is called inflammation. When compared with acute inflammation, chronic inflammation lasts for weeks, months or years and cause tissue damage. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs play an important role in reducing pain and inflammation by blocking arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase enzyme and thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins. Due to severe side effects associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, many researchers are focusing on plant secondary metabolite with no or less side effects. In Trinidad, Globe Amaranth is used to treat several ailments for scientific validation of the folklore claim of this plant the present study was conducted. Decoction and hydroalcoholic flower extracts (pink varieties) of G. globosa was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity. Albumin denaturation method, anti-proteinase action, HRBC membrane stabilization and protein denaturation methods were carried out. Aspirin and diclofenac sodium were used as standard drug. The results showed that decoction extract inhibited heat induced protein denaturation (p≤0.05), inhibited proteinase action and heat induced hemolysis of erythrocyte at 500μg/mL. Hypo tonicity induced hemolysis was also found to be significant with 68.42% of inhibition (p ≤0.05). The total phenol in decoction extract was 60mcg/mL and reducing power assay revealed significant antioxidant activity. The identification of bioactive compounds in hydroalcoholic extract was done using GC-MS. Earlier reports have showed that the compound 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. From the results, the decoction extract possess does dependent potent anti-inflammatory activity. This was plausibly due to phytoconstituents that acted individually or synergistically in exhibiting the potent activity.

Characterization of the major antifungal extrolite from rice endophyte Lysinibacillus sphaericus against Rhizoctonia solani.

Sheath blight of rice caused byRhizoctonia solaniis regarded as one of the most widely distributed diseases of rice, and is one of the major production constraints for rice in India and most rice-growing countries of Asia. Biological control of plant diseases using antagonistic bacteria is now considered as a promising alternative to the use of hazardous chemical fungicides or bactericides. Several bacterial endophytes have been reported to support growth and improve the health of the plants and therefore, may be important as biocontrol agents.In the present study, putative antifungal metabolites were extracted from rice foliage endophyteLysinibacillus sphaericusKJ872548 by solvent extraction methods and purified using HPTLC techniques. Separated bands were subjected to assess thein vitroantagonistic activity toward rice sheath blight pathogenRhizoctonia solaniusing a dual culture method. Partially purified active fraction B2 obtained from HPTLC analysis showed the highest percentage of inhibition (76.9%). GC MS and FTIR analyses of B2 revealed the compound as1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid butyl 2-Ethylhexyl ester, a strong antifungal volatile organic compound. Light microscopic analysis of the fungal mycelium from the dual culture plate of both culture filtrate and 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid butyl 2-Ethylhexyl ester disclosed strong mycolytic activity as evident by mycelial distractions and shrinkage. This is the first report on antifungal production by endophyticLysinibacillus sphaericusagainstR. solani,the rice sheath blight pathogen. The findings of this study biologically prospect the endophyteL. sphaericusas an inexpensive broad spectrum bioagent for eco-friendly, economic and sustainable agriculture.

In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Prunus armeniaca fractions on Leishmania tropica and molecular docking studies

Prunus armeniaca (L.) is a member of the Rosaceae, subfamily Prunoideae, shows anticancer, antitubercular, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cardioprotective activities. Here we fractionated the leaves extract of this highly medicinally important plant for antileishmanial activity. In the current study, the leaves extract was fractionated and characterized using column and thin layer chromatography by n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents. Twelve fractions were isolated and subjected for evaluation of their cytotoxicity and in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania tropica. Among all fractions used, the fraction (F7) exhibited the strongest antileishmanial activity. The bioactive fraction was further characterized by spectroscopy (FTIR, UV–Vis), and GC-MS analysis. The in silico docking was carried out to find the active site of PTR1. All derived fractions exhibited toxicity in the safety range IC50 > 100 μg/ml. The fraction (F7) showed significantly the highest antipromastigotes activity with IC5011.48 ± 0.82 μg/ml and antiamastigotes activity with IC50 21.03 ± 0.98 μg/ml compared with control i.e. 11.60 ± 0.70 and 22.03 ± 1.02 μg/ml respectively. The UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of six absorption peaks and the FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of alkane, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, thiols, alkynes, and carbonyls compounds The GC–MS chromatogram exhibited the presence of nine compounds: (a) benzeneethanol, alpha, beta dimethyl, (b)carbazic acid, 3-(1 propylbutylidene)-, ethyl ester, (c)1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, (d)benzeneethanamine a-methyl, (e)2aminononadecane, (f)2-heptanamine-5-methyl, (g)cyclobutanol, (h)cyclopropyl carbine, and (i)nitric acid, nonyl ester. Among all compounds, the 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester bound well to the PTR1 receptor. Fraction (F7) showed acceptable results with no cytotoxicity. However, in vivo studies are required in the future.

Extraction, GC-MS Evaluation and Anti-epileptic Potential of Seeds Ethanolic Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

Putranjiva roxburghii Wall is traditionally known to cure many pathological conditions including epilepsy. The present study is aimed at determining bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Putranjiva roxburghii test extract (PRTE) seeds by GCMS analysis and to assess its antiepileptic potential using various experimental models of epilepsy. The ethanolic extract of seeds of Putranjiva roxburghii was subjected to GC-MS analysis to detect the bioactive phytoconstituents. Acute oral toxicity of the extract was performed using OCED guideline 420. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy and Maximal electroshock epilepsy (MES) model of epilepsy were used to determine anti-epileptic potential. The GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 20 phytoconstituents. The major phytoconstituents included n-Propyl heptyl ether (25.25%), 5-Ethyl hydantoin (8%), octadec- 9-enoic acid (16.25%) and 1, 2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid (11.86%). The PRTE (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) afforded a significant and dose-dependent protection against PTZ-induced kindling epilepsy and MES induced epilepsy (p<0.001 and p<0.01). Based on the above findings, it is evident that Putranjiva roxburghii seeds contain biologically active compounds. It can also be concluded that the extract possesses anti-epileptic potential.

In vitro screening of antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities, and characterization of bioactive substances from freshwater cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 and Phormidium sp. SSCM02

Cyanobacteria are rich sources of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites with antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and toxicity potential of freshwater filamentous cyanobacterial species isolated from a freshwater source in Kancheepuram district and Thiruverumbur, Tamilnadu. Among the tested two cyanobacterial species, methanol-chloroform extracts of Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 exhibits higher antibacterial activity than Phormidium sp. SSCM02. Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 exhibited higher inhibition activity of bacterial growth at 31.2 μg/mL and 7.8 μg/mL as MIC value against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, respectively, and for Candida albicans at 125 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity of Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 extract assessed by DPPH assay exhibited potent radical scavenging activity of 48% inhibition at 60 μg/mL concentration. Two cyanobacterial extracts exhibited significant activity against brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). The active fraction was subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), bioactive compounds like hexadecanoic acid (66.3%), 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, and dibutyl phthalate were detected in Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01. Thus, our findings indicate that freshwater cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. SSCM01 has an inherent capability that might make it beneficial as a promising source of antimicrobial and antioxidant therapeutic agents.