1M HCl Research Articles

SMART LABEL INDICATOR BASED ON ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACT FROM SUPER RED DRAGON FRUIT (Hylocereus costaricensis) SKIN TO MONITOR CHICKEN MEAT FRESHNESS LEVEL

Chicken meat is a perishable food. The quality of chicken meat is largely due to poor handling from slaughter to marketing. The activity of bacteria that produce volatile amines causes changes in pH in chicken meat. Bacterial activity that we cannot see and control makes chicken customers sometimes restless to buy packaged cut chicken because they don't know whether the chicken is still fit for consumption or not. Today, smart packaging has emerged which is equipped with smart labels. The purpose of this study was to make a smart label for the anthocyanin extract of the Super Red Dragon Fruit Skin and determine its feasibility in determining the level of freshness of chicken meat. The best red dragon fruit peel extract was sample D4 obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol as a solvent with 1M HCl acidified. The anthocyanin extract has a pH of 1.8 and anthocyanin content value of 104.722 g/L. Smart labels indicate the freshness level of chicken meat with a change in color, where a purple color indicates fresh chicken meat, a faded purple color indicates that the chicken meat is not fresh. The results of the feasibility of smart labels on pH stability experienced color changes in both acidic and alkaline conditions, but were more stable in acidic conditions. Keywords: Anthocyanin, Super Red Dragon Fruit Skin, Smart Label, Chicken Meat

Extract sarampa wood (Xylocarpus Moluccensis) as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl 1M

Plant extracts are currently being used as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors. In this study, the inhibitive performance of Xylocarpus Moluccensis extract (XME) was used as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for the first time. The extract was studied using electrochemical measurement on mild steel in 1M HCl. Results from FIR and phytochemical confirmed that Xylocarpus Moluccensis extract contains compound hydroxyl group, phenolic, and flavonoid content which can be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency was determined using Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and showed 68% efficiency in 500 ppm. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to determine the adsorption mechanism of XME. Surface characterization (AFM) was also used to study the surface morphology of protective film inhibitors.

ADSORPTION AND ANTICORROSION PROPERTIES OF MILD-STEEL TREATED 2-[(3-HYDROXYLPYRIDIN-2-YL) AMINO]NAPHTHALENE-1,4-DIONE SCHIFF BASE IN 1M-HCL SOLUTION: SYNTHESIS, EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES

The title Schiff base LH obtained by the reflux condensation of 2-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone and 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine has been characterized via conventional procedures. Adsorption and corrosion inhibition potentials of LH were examined by considering its inhibitory efficiency on mild steel in 1M HCl via weight loss assessment, scanning electron microscopy and density functional theory. Analytical and spectroscopic methods corroborate the bidendate ketoimine-tautomeric assemblage of LH and its stability at ambient temperature. The weight loss measurement was performed at mixt temperatures of 303-343 K and inhibitor concentrations of 1x10-5 M- 9x10-5 M with immersion period of 5 h. Higher efficiency of 94.6% was attained with an inhibitor concentration of 9x10-5 M at 303 K. The adsorption of LH on mild steel (ms) was found to conform with Langmuir absorption isotherm model, while free energy of adsorption showed a spontaneous physiosorption. The computed activation energy (Ea) along other thermodynamic parameters (ΔS and ΔH) was consistent with the latter. The SEM results revealed that the ms superficial was smooth with the inhibitor compared to the ms superficial without the inhibitor indicating inhibition of corrosion of the ms by establishing a layer of protection on the surface. The density functional theory result was in agreement with experimental results.

Quantifying corrosion inhibition on mild steel surface using run length statistics-based texture analysis

Automatic detection of corrosion inhibition efficacy by processing the microscopic images of the sample surface by using image texture analysis is a very useful technique in the contemporary research field. The reported technique is less time consuming with the capability of pattern recognition via quantification with preferences of suitable software, coding and various numerical methods ultimately represents data (vide acquisition) more precisely and accurately at agiven condition. An optimal anisotropic diffusion-based pre-processing for image enhancement and run length statistics (RLS) based texture analysis for feature extraction are performed on the microscopic images of mild steel surface treated in 1 M HCl solution with different inhibitors viz., (E)-1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)methylene)hydrazine (abbreviated as DHMP and represented as L1 ), (E)-1-(4-isocyanophenyl)-2-((pyridin-4-yl)methylene)hydrazine) (abbreviated as IMH and represented as L2 ) and (E)-1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-((pyridin-4-yl)methylene)phenol (abbreviated as DMP and represented as L3 ). Extracted normalized or relative features can be quantified the corrosion inhibition efficiency in an excellent way using multi-regression analysis having R-square values in the range of 0.997 to 0.999. Highlights (E)-1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)methylene)hydrazine (abbreviated as DHMP and represented as L1), (E)-1-(4-isocyanophenyl)-2-((pyridin-4-yl)methylene)hydrazine) (abbreviated as IMH and represented as L2) and (E)-1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-((pyridin-4-yl)methylene)phenol (abbreviated as DMP and represented as L3) are used as three different corrosion inhibitors over the mild steel surface in presence of 1M HCl solution. Automatic detection of corrosion inhibition efficiency by processing the microscopic images of the targeted sample surface by via image texture analysis. An optimal anisotropic diffusion technique is adopted in this present study for image enhancement before processing the image. Run length statistics (RLS) based texture analysis has been incorporated in this present investigation for extracting run length features to detect the corrosion inhibition efficiency. After selecting the RLS-based features, a multivariable regression model is developed and correlations are set up with the features of conventional parameters of the different inhibitor’s performance.

Amination of Non-Functional Polyvinyl Chloride Polymer Using Polyethyleneimine for Removal of Phosphorus from Aqueous Solution

The eutrophication of freshwater environments caused by an excess inflow of phosphorus has become a serious environmental issue because it is a crucial factor for the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in essential water resources. The adsorptive removal of phosphorus from discharged phosphorus containing effluents has been recognized as one of the most promising solutions in the prevention of eutrophication. In the present study, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-polyethyleneimine (PEI) composite fiber (PEI-PVC) was suggested as a stable and recoverable adsorbent for the removal of phosphorus from aqueous phases. The newly introduced amine groups of the PEI-PVC were confirmed by a comparison between the FT-IR and XPS results of the PVC and PEI-PVC. The phosphorus sorption on the PEI-PVC was pH dependent. At the optimum pH for phosphorus adsorption (pH 5), the maximum adsorption capacity of the PEI-PVC fiber was estimated to be 11.2 times higher (19.66 ± 0.82 mg/g) than that of conventional activated carbon (1.75 ± 0.4 mg/g) using the Langmuir isotherm model. The phosphorus adsorption equilibrium of the PEI-PVC was reached within 30 min at pH 5. From the phosphorus-loaded PEI-PVC, 97.4% of the adsorbed amount of phosphorus on the PEI-PVC could be recovered by employing a desorption process using 1M HCl solution without sorbent destruction. The regenerated PEI-PVC through the desorption process maintained a phosphorus sorption capacity almost equal to that of the first use. In addition, consistently with the PVC fiber, the PEI-PVC fiber did not elute any toxic chlorines into the solution during light irradiation. Based on these results, the PEI-PVC fiber can be suggested as a feasible and stable adsorbent for phosphorus removal.

Hemigraphis colorata (HC) Leaves Extract as Effectual Green Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in 1M HCl

The corrosion inhibitory effect of Hemigraphis colorata (HC) leaves extract on mild steel in 1M HCl was investigated using mass loss measurements, ultraviolet-visible(UV) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarization techniques at the temperature range of 303K-323K. The optimum inhibition efficiency of HC extract at 303K, 313K, and 323K was found to be 90.2%,92.77%, and 93.73%, respectively, for the maximum concentration of the extract. This suggests that inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increasing concentration of the leaves extract at all the temperatures and increasing solution temperature. The adsorption process complied with a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Polarization measurements suggest a mixed mode of corrosion inhibition. The activation energy and other thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the process of inhibition. The adsorbed invisible layer was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed better morphology of mild steel in extract presence. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the effect of HC extract on the interfacial behavior of mild steel surface was analyzed.

Activation of Carbon Using Microwave-Assisted Hydrochloric Acid for Urea Adsorbtion

The activation of activated carbon using microwave-assisted hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been carried out. This objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the concentration of HCl (1M to 6 M) and time of microwave irradiation (5 to 25 mins) on the iodine number and urea adsorption. The results showed that the concentration of HCl had a significant effect on the quality of the activated carbon. Activation of carbon using 6 mol/L of HCl resulted the iodine adsorption capacity of 1002 mg/g and urea adsorption of 99 mg/g. Microwave irradition time also has a significant effect on the quality of activated carbon. The best microwave irradiation time showed at 25 minutes that resulted in iodine adsorption capacity of 1112 mg/g and urea adsorption capacity of 97 mg/g.

Jackfruit Peel Extract as Environmentally Safe Inhibitor for Carbon Steel Protection in Acidic Solution

The addition of corrosion inhibitors into the acidic environment is an environmental modification to control the rate of corrosion. Organic compound inhibitors become an environmentally friendly alternative. In this study, research and analysis have been carried out on jackfruit peel extract as a corrosion inhibitor for AISI 1037 carbon steel protection in 1M HCl solution. Variation of inhibitor concentration is 200-3000 ppm. Corrosion rate measurements were performed by applying weight loss and potential polarization methods. The addition of inhibitor concentrations up to 1000 ppm increased the inhibitor efficiency up to 90.98%, but the efficiency decreased at concentrations of 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm. The adsorption inhibitors that occurred in this study was physical adsorption. It followed the Langmuir isothermal adsorption. The fungsional group of the film layer on the carbon steel surface indicated that the jack fruit peel extract compounds was adsorbed on the steel surface.

Contribution to the corrosion inhibition of Aluminum in 1M HCl by a green inhibition of Pimpinella anisum extract. Experimental and theoretical study (DFT, MC, and MD)

Contribution to the corrosion inhibition of Aluminum in 1M HCl by a green inhibition of Pimpinella anisum extract. Experimental and theoretical study (DFT, MC, and MD)

Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Evaluation on Corrosion Inhibition of C38 in 1M HCl By the Rumex Ethanolic Extract

Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Evaluation on Corrosion Inhibition of C38 in 1M HCl By the Rumex Ethanolic Extract

Experimental and theoretical study on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by nonanedioic acid derivative in hydrochloric acid solution

The corrosion performance of mild steel (MS) in 1M HCl solution was examined by weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), and open circuit potential (OCP) measurements in the absence and presence of nonanedihydrazide. PDP measurements indicated that nonanedihydrazide acts as a mixed inhibitor due to its adsorption on the MS surface, exhibiting an inhibition efficiency of more than 97%. The surface morphology investigation of the protective layer on the MS surface confirmed that adsorption of nonanedihydrazide molecules occurred via chemical adsorption following Langmuir’s isotherm model. The effect of temperature on the corrosion performance in the presence of nonanedihydrazide was investigated in the range of 303–333 K, showing that the inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in the inhibitor concentration and decreased with an increase in temperature. A new green corrosion inhibitor was synthesised and theoretical computations were conducted to completely understand the inhibition mechanism. Nonanedihydrazide molecules were investigated by DFT (density functional theory) using the B3LYP functional to evaluate the relationship of corrosion inhibition performance and the molecular structure. The computed theoretical parameters presented significant support for understanding the inhibitive mechanism revealed by the inhibitory molecules and are in good agreement with WL, PDP, EIS, (EFM), and OCP results.

Effective Inhibition of Carbon Steel Corrosion by Waterborne Polyurethane Based on N-tert-Butyl Diethanolamine in 2M HCl: Experimental and Computational Findings

The efficiency of corrosion inhibition for waterborne polyurethane based on N-tert-butyl diethanolamine (tB-WPU) is investigated using different techniques. Corrosion weight loss, open circuit potential experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization measurements show that both a commercial reagent and a polyurethane-based inhibitor prevent corrosion at increasing temperature to 50 °C. At 75 °C, the activity of both reagents is reduced. In stirring conditions, the effectiveness of acid corrosion inhibition (25 °C, 500 ppm) drops abruptly from 89.5% to 60.7%, which is related presumably to the complexity of binding the polymer molecules to the metal surface. As follows from thermodynamic calculations, the adsorption of tB-WPU on the metal surface in 2M HCl can be treated as a physisorption. Model quantum–chemical calculations support the experimental studies and elucidate the nature of steel surface–inhibitor molecule chemical bond, which is realized mainly by carboxyl and amino groups. It is concluded that WPUs can be considered as a perspective alternative to commercial oilfield reagents due to their versatility.

Evaluation of inhibitive corrosion potential of symmetrical hydrazine derivatives containing nitrophenyl moiety in 1M HCl for C38 steel: experimental and theoretical studies

The exploitation of cost-effective, sustainable, green and efficient compounds is a renewed science and a demanding mission for today's chemists and technologists. In this view, the inhibitive corrosion properties of some hydrazine derivatives named (1E,2E)-bis(1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazine (SSBO), (1E,2E)-bis(1-(3-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazine (SSBM) and (1E,2E)-bis(1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazine (SSBP) on the C38 steel corrosion in 1M HCl media has been evaluated by different techniques like electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The EIS results showed that SSBM is the greatest inhibitor (η>93%) among the three tested compounds. The SSBM gives considerable inhibition efficiency against corrosion of steel compared to the previous studies. The PDP curves indicated that the studied inhibitors were a mixed-type inhibitor with a predominantly cathodic control. Quantum calculations of some descriptors derived from the density functional theory (DFT), the transition state theory (TST), the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and molecular dynamics simulation have delivered helpful information regarding electron transfer and mechanism during adsorption of inhibitors on C38 steel surface.

Crataegus oxyacantha leaves extract for carbon steel protection against corrosion in 1M HCl: Characterization, electrochemical, theoretical research, and surface analysis

Plant extracts have become a source of green inhibitors that guarantee highest anti-corrosion efficiency. In the present study, we characterized the phenolic compounds of the aqueous extract from the Crataegus oxyacantha leaves (COL) by UHPLC/DAD/ESI-MS and we evaluated their inhibitory activity of carbon steel corrosion in the 1M HCl medium. The UHPLC/DAD/ESI-MS and FT-IR were used to determine of the composition of aqueous extracts from COL. For the inhibitory test of corrosion we used the weight loss study, the electrochemical study (potentiodynamic and impedance), the surface analysis (SEM-EDS, UV-Visible) and quantum chemical calculations. The results showed that COL extract contains nine phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acid). Weight loss corrosion and electrochemical tests revealed that the maximum protection efficiency of the steel achieved a 94% at 3 g/L concentration of COL extract at 298K.The values ofΔGads0, Ea, ΔHa and ΔSa demonstrate an endothermic phenomenon and controlled by physisorption process. Finally, the surface analysis confirmed that the surface metallic is protected and maybe the inhibitor molecules in COL extract form bonds with the metal surface. Theoretical study backed with the experimental results.

Synthesis of Conductive Carbon Sheet From Coconut Fiber with the Addition of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Activator

Research has been carried out on manufacturing conductive carbon sheets using carbon as raw material from coconut fiber with a Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) activator. First, activation was carried out using 1000 ml of 6M KOH solution mixed with 100 grams of carbon at 100℃ for 72 hours. Next, the carbon is pyrolyzed at temperatures of 900℃, 1100℃, and 1300℃ for 2 hours. Next, the pyrolysis carbon was washed with 2M HCl for 24 hours and washed with distilled water until the pH was neutral. Electrical resistance measurements were made with torque variations of 10, 20, and 30 kgf. cm using the four-point probe method, then the conductivity value was calculated. Finally, carbon characterization was carried out using the XRD tool. The increase in pyrolysis temperature causes the carbon conductivity to increase, which is 2.3855- 4.2340 S/cm at 900℃ and 6.8203-11.4577 S/cm at 1300℃. XRD analysis showed a sharp and narrow increase in diffraction peaks with each increase in pyrolysis temperature, indicating that carbon has a crystal structure close to graphite which is more ordered than carbon without an activator.

Removal of dye and heavy metals from industrial wastewater by activated charcoal-banana rachis cellulose nanocrystal composites filter

ABSTRACT Heavy metal contamination in wastewater has been an issue for the environment and human health nowadays. If these wastewaters are exposed directly to the environment, it will be hazardous for the environment and personal health. So, it is very necessary to treat these ground and surface wastewater before exposing into environment. For this, an effective technique were developed which removed heavy metals from wastewater easily, economically and effectively. The cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) were isolated from banana rachis fibres by a series of chemical treatments as well as 50% H2SO4 hydrolysis successively. On the other hand, raw Indonesian type’s bituminous coal was collected from Noapara industrial area, Jashore, Khulna and was pyrolysed at 700°C, activated by 2M HCl at 700°C and also carbonised at 500°C followed by activation with 30% H3PO4 acid. In this process, adsorbent of modified charcoal-CNC composites was used for the removal of methyl orange dye and five heavy metals, such as Ni(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Cd(II) and Co(II)), from wastewater and the uptake capacity, selectivity and removal efficiency were also discussed. The filtering efficiency of wastewater purifications were characterised by FTIR, X-RD, TGA, SEM analysis. Finally, wastewater solution and the filtrates solutions were characterised by UV-Vis, and AAS techniques.

Corrosion Inhibition Of Mild Steel In 1m HCL By Catechin Monomers From Commercial Green Tea Extracts

The inhibitory effect of two Indonesian green tea extracts (containing various catechins) were investigated on the corrosion of mild steel (MS) in 1M HCl medium. The anticorrosion effect was evaluated by conventional weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The results evidenced that both the tea extracts act as a good corrosion inhibitor and the inhibition effi ciencies (% IE) were in good agreement for all the studies. Adsorption of green tea extract constituent was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the calculated Gibb’s free energy values indicated the physisorption of inhibitor over the mild steel surface. SEM – EDX studies show the adsorption of catechin monomers which forms a protective layer over the mils steel surface. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was carried out to quantify the catechin fractions in the tea extract and it was found that eight catechin monomers were present in both tea extracts. From all of monomers, it was found that four monomers were identifi ed as components responsible for controlling the dissolution of mild steel in 1 M HCl medium.

The Inhibitive Effect of Ficus Thonningii Leaves Extract In 1m HCL Solution as Corrosion Inhibitors on Mild Steel

The Inhibitive Effect of Ficus Thonningii Leaves Extract In 1m HCL Solution as Corrosion Inhibitors on Mild Steel

The stabilization of bio-oil as an alternative energy source through hydrodeoxygenation using Co and Co-Mo supported on active natural zeolite

In this study, hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process of bio-oil from coconut shell waste was catalyzed by active Sarulla natural zeolite (ZAS) supported by Co metal and a combination of Co-Mo metal. The resulting bio-oil HDO product is expected to have good physicochemical stability during the storage period so as to increase its potential as an alternative source of hydrocarbon energy. Preparation and activation of ZAS catalyst with 3M HCl and calcination with N2 gas flow. Impregnation of Co and Co-Mo into ZAS was carried out by wet impregnation method followed by oxidation and reduction with O2 and H2 gas flow. Several important properties of the catalyst were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and BET methods. Bio-oil HDO process is carried out in fixed bed reactor with H2 gas flow at a certain temperature for two hours. Analysis of physicochemical properties and stability of bio-oil products includes analysis of acid number, viscosity, elementary content, HHV, and component analysis using GC-MS. The data obtained showed that the loading of two metals increased the spesific surface area, volume and pore size, but decreased the crystallinity of the catalyst. Based on the distribution of HDO products, it indicates that monometal catalysts tend to produce more liquid phase, coke, and gas while bimetallic catalysts tend to produce more organic phase. Viscosity and acid number of bio-oil catalyzed by Co-Mo/ZAS is lower than that of Co/ZAS. Co/ZAS catalyst showed high selectivity towards the aqueous phase. The bio-oil catalyzed by Co/ZAS has a higher HHV and a higher viscosity and lower oxygen content as a result of the release of hydrogen bound oxygen into water molecules. Thus, it can be assumed that the deposition of Co and Co-Mo on zeolite has a different effect on the characteristics of zeolite and its activity as a catalyst.

Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Philippine Coal Fly Ash: Investigation and Optimisation of Leaching Parameters by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Coal Fly Ash (CFA) is a hazardous waste from coal-fired power plants, but has increasingly become a popular supplementary cementitious material for cement in the construction industry. As a secondary resource of REE, its main advantage lies in its fine particle size that eliminates the need for costly and energy-intensive comminution. In this study, the potential of CFA from the Philippines as a secondary REE resource was investigated by direct leaching of REEs with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The CFA sample came from a coal-fired power plant with a circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology. For the leaching tests, the effects of HCl concentration, leaching time and leaching temperature on REE extractions were elucidate optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The RSM results showed that the optimum leaching occurred at 3M HCl, 65 °C and 270 min with extractions of Nd, Er, Eu, Tb and Dy at 70.8%, 76.34%, 88.02%, 90.01% and 73.38%, respectively. According to these results, the CFA from the Philippines is a promising secondary resource of REE and the extraction method employed was effective in achieving a relatively high REE dissolution. Moreover, the empirical model that was established accurately predicted the dissolution of REE with an accuracy of 98.20%, 96.66%, 97.09%, 98.17% and 97.78% for Nd, Er, Eu, Tb and Dy, respectively.