3D Carbon Nanofiber Research Articles

Petal-like NiCoP sheets on 3D nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber network as a robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting

Searching high-active, stable and abundant bifunctional catalysts to replace noble metals for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) is desired. Herein, petal-like NiCoP sheets were synthesized on carbon paper covered with a 3D nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber network (NiCoP/CNNCP) by a simple hydrothermal process followed by phosphorization. The HER overpotential in 0.5 M H2SO4 and OER overpotential in 1 M KOH of the NiCoP/CNNCP electrode only required 55 mV and 260 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2, respectively, which was comparable or even better than most nickel-and cobalt-based phosphide catalysts. The overall water-splitting electrolyzer with an asymmetric electrolyte system assembled using NiCoP/CNNCP as bifunctional electrodes required an extremely low cell voltage of 1.04 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, which was much lower than almost all alkaline electrolysis systems.

Flexible mixed ion-electron conductor fabric for stable and dendrite-free Li-metal anodes

Li-metal batteries are promising candidates for next generation rechargeable batteries. However, the hazards caused by the growth of Li-dendrite and enormous volume fluctuations during cycling hinder its practical applications. Here, to solve these problems, a flexible mixed ion-electron conducting fabric scaffold is constructed by uniformly incorporating Li0.33La0.56TiO3 nanoparticles into a 3D carbon nanofiber skeleton. The mixed conductor fabric cannot only homogenize the distribution of electric filed and alleviate volume changes, but also can accelerate the migration and distribution of Li+, thus achieving uniform Li plating/stripping behavior by balanced ion/electron transport. Consequently, the obtained stable and dendrite-free Li-metal anode has a notable cycling stability and rate performance. This work provides a promising direction for the design of practical composite Li-metal anodes.

NiCoO2 and polypyrrole decorated three-dimensional carbon nanofiber network with coaxial cable-like structure for high-performance supercapacitors

Designing optimized nano-sized architecture is a promising approach to prepare high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this work, a hierarchical multi-shelled structure has been successfully synthesized, which consists of a 3D carbon nanofiber network as a supporting scaffold prepared by carbonization of aramid nanofiber aerogel, an intermediate polypyrrole (PPy) bonding layer and a NiCoO2 outer shell, just like a coaxial cable in the structure. The intermediate PPy layer facilitates the uniform deposition of NiCoO2 by providing more anchor sites, and enhances the electrical contact between carbon nanofiber network and NiCoO2 shell due to its high conductivity and good compatibility with two different substances. The synergistic effect of the hierarchical configuration endows the electrode material with a high specific capacitance of 1037 F g−1at 1 A g−1and excellent cycling stability (∼89% of initial capacitance after 7000 cycles). Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor based on the composite and activated carbon achieves a high energy density of 37.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 465 W kg−1 in 1.65 V. This work may provide a feasible strategy to design high-performance hybrid electrodes for energy storage devices.

Bidirectional Lithiophilic Gradients Modification of Ultralight 3D Carbon Nanofiber Host for Stable Lithium Metal Anode.

Using 3D host is an effective way to solve the dendrite growth problem and accommodate volume changes of lithium (Li) metal anode. However, the preferred Li deposition on the top surface leads to the Li metal agglomeration at the surface. In addition, the large weight of the 3D host also greatly decreases the capacity based on the whole anode. Herein, a bidirectional lithiophilic gradient modification, including a top-down ZnO gradient and a bottom-up Sn gradient, is applied to an ultralight 3D carbon nanofiber host (density: 0.1g cm-3 ) and ensures the evenly filling lithium deposition in the 3D host. ZnO transforms into highly ionic conductive Li-Zn alloy and Li2 O during cycling, enhancing the Li-ion transportation from top to bottom. The metallic Sn also lowers the Li nucleation potential, guiding the preferential Li deposition from the bottom. With such a host, a stable CE of 97.5% over 100 cycles at 1mA cm-2 and 3 mAh cm-2 is achieved, and the full battery also delivers good cycling stability over 300 cycles with a high CE of 99.8% coupled with high loading LiFePO4 cathode (10mg cm-2 ) and low N/P ratio (≈3).

FeNx nanoparticles embedded in three-dimensional N-doped carbon nanofibers as efficient oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst for microbial fuel cells in alkaline and neutral media

Herein, an approach is reported for the fabrication of 3D carbon nanofibers (CNFs) wrapped by carbon nanotubes (CNT) with graphitic carbon-encased FeNx nanoparticles originated from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). It is found that Fe-FeNx@N-CNT/CNFs exhibits outstanding catalytic activity towards ORR, whose half-wave potential are 0.89 V and 0.87 V in alkaline and neutral environments, respectively, much higher than MOF-based catalysts reported so far and commercial Pt/C. When the obtained cathode catalysts are loaded in MFCs for power generation test, the experimental consequences show that the Fe-FeNx@N-CNT/CNFs cathode exhibits a supernal power density of 742.26 mW·m−2 and output current density of 3241 mA·m−2 which are comparable to Pt/C. The splendid ORR catalytic performance is mainly attributable to the three-dimensional structure of carbon nanofibers and the active sites of Fe-Nx. These result in a higher graphitization degree beneficial for electronic mobility, high specific surface area, benign mesoporous nanostructure and excellent mass transfer capability. The strategy provides a new scheme to devise and research Fe-Nx electrocatalysts with MOF-based for the conversion of clean and environment-friendly energy.

Self-supported hierarchically porous 3D carbon nanofiber network comprising Ni/Co/NiCo2O4 nanocrystals and hollow N-doped C nanocages as sulfur host for highly reversible Li–S batteries

Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (P-N-CNF) comprise well-embedded metallic-Ni/Co and spinel-type NiCo2O4 nanocrystals (Ni-Co/NiCo2O4) along with metal-organic framework-derived hollow nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages (HNC), denoted as P-N-CNF@NCO/HNC, are rationally designed as cathode substrates for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries with feasible parameters. The highly conductive and porous N-CNF matrix provides numerous conductive channels for rapid ionic and electronic transfer. HNC guarantees efficient impregnation of a large volume of active material along with high loading, channelizing the volume variation stress, and ensuring efficient electrolyte percolation, which is crucial for uniform dispersion and high active sulfur utilization, especially at low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios. The metallic-Ni/Co and polar spinel-type NiCo2O4 nanoparticles offer sufficient chemisorption sites to prevent polysulfide migration towards the anode. Li-S cells assembled using P-N-CNF@NCO/HNC as an advanced host and lithium polysulfide catholyte as the starting material displayed stable electrochemical performance even with strident battery parameters, including high sulfur content (79.8 wt%), high sulfur loading (7.7 mg cm−2), and low E/S ratio (8.0 µL mg−1). The cell displays a maximum areal capacity of 5.4 mA h cm−2 that stabilizes to 2.8 mA h cm−2 after 160 cycles at 0.1 C and is comparable to the theoretical threshold of presently available commercial systems.

In-situ growth of iron nanoparticles on porous carbon nanofibers for structural high-performance lithium metal anode

Lithium metal anodes have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, there are still significant challenges in the electrochemical cycle of lithium metals, including the growth of lithium dendrites, the formation of "dead lithium" layers, and unrestricted volume expansion. To solve these problems, using inexpensive acetylacetonate salt, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethyl methacrylate as raw materials, a 3D porous carbon nanofiber scaffold decorated with iron nanoparticles is reasonably designed by novel and unique in-situ growth method, without hazardous atmosphere, expensive catalyst deposition, and additional carbon sources. Notably, the obtained iron-doped 3D porous fibers can be used as lithium metal anode framework with low lithium deposition overpotential and long cycling stability under various current densities. The porous host structure can adapt to the inherent volume expansion and the transmission of lithium ions in the process of lithium plating/stripping, thereby improving the cycling stability. Density functional theory calculations indicate that carbon nanofibers decorated with Fe nanoparticles are more likely to absorb lithium atoms, resulting in more uniform lithium deposition. The present work provides a low-cost and scalable strategy for constructing 3D structural high-efficiency lithium metal anode, and opens new horizons for the research of lithium metal batteries and even other metal batteries.

Self‐Supporting 3D Lithiophilic and Flexible Carbon Nanofiber Film as a High‐Loading Li Host

Herein, a Zn and N co‐doped carbon nanofiber film (Zn–N–CNF) is successfully fabricated via a convenient electrospinning technique, which can be used as hybrid lithiophilic current collector to accommodate high‐loading lithium. Contributing to the lithiophilic active sites and 3D network structure of Zn–N–CNF, metallic Li can be reversibly electrochemical plated and stripped. Consequently, the Zn–N–CNF@Li electrode exhibits a high exchange current density of 4.731 mA cm−2, providing fast charge‐transfer kinetics for Li plating and stripping. Then, an average Coulombic efficiency of 97.3 % can be achieved at 1.0 mA cm−2 with 1.0 mAh cm−2 in 150 cycles. The corresponding symmetrical battery can stably cycle for nearly 800 h with a voltage hysteresis less than 20 mV at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2. In addition, this flexible skeleton of 3D Zn–N–CNF can accommodate a high Li deposition capacity of 10 mAh cm−2 with a reversible electrochemical plating and stripping. Moreover, full cells based on the developed anode and a LiFePO4 cathode also demonstrate superior rate capability and stable cycle life. Herein, a promising strategy to construct dendrite‐free lithium metal anodes toward high‐performance lithium metal batteries is provided.

Ion-conductive gradient sodiophilic 3D scaffold induced homogeneous sodium deposition for highly stable sodium metal batteries

Sodium (Na) metal is considered as an appealing anode material for high-energy density Na batteries owing to its low cost, low redox potential and high theoretical capacity. However, several issues triggered by the uncontrolled Na dendrites hinder the practical applications of Na metal anodes, such as the poor cycling reversibility, short lifespan and even the unexpected safety hazard. Herein, the gradient SnO2-modified 3D carbon nanofibers (SnO2-CNFs) scaffold is fabricated, in which, the in-situ formed sodiophilic Na-Sn alloys and Na2O during initial cycle can guide Na homogeneous deposition in a “bottom-up” mode. Moreover, Na2O with excellent ion-conductivity can decrease diffusion barrier to promote fast Na+ ion diffusion and uniform deposition into the scaffold. These features have positive effect on not only inhibiting dendrite growth but also improving space utilization of the 3D scaffold. As a result, the designed SnO2-CNFs electrode can maintain a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.88% after 1500 cycles (3000 h) at 3 mA cm−2 and 3 mAh cm−2. Besides, it can attain a CE of 99.68% after 400 cycles (800 h) when the current density and areal capacity increase to 5 mA cm−2 and 5 mAh cm−2. For the symmetric cell assembled by SnO2-CNFs@Na electrodes, excellent cycling performance for 1500 h at 5 mA cm−2 and 5 mAh cm−2 is displayed. Moreover, the assembled full cell using Na3V2(PO4)3@C@CNTs as cathode and SnO2-CNFs@Na as anode exhibits an outstanding capacity retention of 95.1% after 400 cycles at a large current density of 5 C, evidencing the feasible application of the designed SnO2-CNFs scaffold to realize stable Na metal anodes for advanced Na metal batteries.

Fluorinated cobalt phthalocyanine axially coordinated to oxo functionalities on different dimensional carbon (1D–3D) for durable oxygen reduction reaction

The development of low-cost, durable and easily available electrocatalysts as alternatives to Pt-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) will promote the large-scale commercial application of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Among the transition metal based N4-metallomacrocyclic molecules, the Co macrocycle catalyst usually exhibits superior long-term durability and stability than the Fe family. Developing efficient Co-N4 ORR electrocatalyst is of great significance. In the work, fluorinated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcF16) were anchored on various carbon materials in different structural dimensions (1–3D) including 1D carboxyl carbon nanotube (CNT), 1D carbon nanofibers (CNF), 2D nitrogen doped graphene (N-G), and 3D ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3, which were explored and investigated as electrocatalysts for ORR. The results show that the molecular CoPcF16 anchored on theses carbon materials exhibited different electrocatalytic activity with the increased half-wave potential (E1/2) order of CMK-3>CNT>N-G>CNF, which is related to oxo functionalities (axial coordination to Co), porous structures and defective sites. The CoPcF16-carbons hybrids exhibited much lower tafel slope and comparable E1/2 than commercial Pt/C catalysts for ORR. The prepared catalysts also demonstrated excellent stability even after 5000 cycling. CoPcF16-carbons hybrids will be potential candidates to replace Pt-based catalysts for PEMFCs applications in future.

Embedded Double One‐Dimensional Composites of WO3@N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Superior and Stabilized Lithium Storage

AbstractTungsten oxide has received plenty of attention as a potential anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the high intrinsic density and abundant framework diversity. However, the tremendous structural and volumetric changes of tungsten oxide (WO3) restrict the commercial application. A novel embedded one‐dimensional (1D) structure composite of the WO3 and N‐doped carbon nanofibers (WO3@N‐CNFs) has been prepared by combining convenient hydrothermal and electrospinning processes. The WO3 nanowires are firmly wrapped in the N‐CNFs and formed an embedded double 1D structure, which can significantly improve the structure stability of the composite. Therefore, the WO3@N‐CNFs delivers a high specific capacity of 960 mAh/g after 300 cycles at 0.2 A/g, and 550 mAh/g after 1300 cycles at 2 A/g. Moreover, the initial Coulomb efficiency of WO3@N‐CNFs is enhanced to more than 80 %. The electrochemical performance is better than those from most WO3‐based carbon composite materials, which can be ascribed to the synergy effects of the WO3 nanorods and the nitrogen doping in 1D carbon nanofibers. As a consequence, the WO3@N‐CNFs can be a promising anode material with the extraordinary long‐term cycling performance at high current densities, and provide a new idea for the commercialization of WO3‐based carbon composite materials.

Coupling graphene microribbons with carbon nanofibers: New carbon hybrids for high-performing lithium and potassium-ion batteries

Carbon‑carbon allotropic hybrids exhibit remarkable properties, including exceptional electrochemical charge storage capacities. A novel hybrid material composed of 1D carbon nanofibers (CNF) and 2D graphene micro-ribbons (GMR) was synthesized and incorporated as anodes in Li-ion batteries (LIB) and Potassium-ion batteries (KIB) for improved storage capacity. CNF-GMR material was hybridized simultaneously by one-step chemical vapour deposition (CVD) synthetic process, wherein the CNF were grown on the graphene surface using an iron oxide catalyst. Meanwhile, the GMRs were formed by the catalytic cutting of few-layer graphene. This unique carbon‑carbon allotropic hybrid exhibits excellent structural integrity, good electrical conductivity (718 S/m) and high specific surface area (305.6 g/m2). The as-prepared materials, when used as an anode in batteries, exhibited a highly reversible capacity (598 mAhg−1 and 410 mAhg−1 at 0.10 Ag−1 for LIB and KIB, respectively) with fast charging and discharging capability, and long-term cycling stability with 99% Coulombic efficiency over 1000 cycles.

Graphene Oxide versus Carbon Nanofibers in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Films: Degradation in Simulated Intestinal Environments.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a microbial biodegradable polymer with a broad range of promising industrial applications. The effect of incorporation of low amounts (1% w/w) of carbon nanomaterials (CBNs) such as 1D carbon nanofibers (CNFs) or 2D graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets into the PHBV polymer matrix affects its degradation properties, as it is reported here for the first time. The study was performed in simulated gut conditions using two different media: an acidic aqueous medium (pH 6) and Gifu anaerobic medium. The results of this study showed that the incorporation of low amounts of filamentous 1D hydrophobic CNFs significantly increased the degradability of the hydrophobic PHBV after 3 months in simulated intestinal conditions as confirmed by weight loss (~20.5% w/w in acidic medium) and electron microscopy. We can attribute these results to the fact that the long hydrophobic carbon nanochannels created in the PHBV matrix with the incorporation of the CNFs allowed the degradation medium to penetrate at ultrafast diffusion speed increasing the area exposed to degradation. However, the hydrogen bonds formed between the 2D hydrophilic GO nanosheets and the hydrophobic PHBV polymer chains produced a homogeneous composite structure that exhibits lower degradation (weight loss of ~4.5% w/w after three months in acidic aqueous medium). Moreover, the water molecules present in both degradation media can be linked to the hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups present on the basal planes and at the edges of the GO nanosheets, reducing their degradation potential.

Nitrogen, Oxygen-Codoped Vertical Graphene Arrays Coated 3D Flexible Carbon Nanofibers with High Silicon Content as an Ultrastable Anode for Superior Lithium Storage.

Free‐standing and foldable electrodes with high energy density and long lifespan have recently elicited attention on the development of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for flexible electronic devices. However, both low energy density and slow kinetics in cycling impede their practical applications. In this work, a free‐standing and binder‐free N, O‐codoped 3D vertical graphene carbon nanofibers electrode with ultra‐high silicon content (VGAs@Si@CNFs) is developed via electrospinning, subsequent thermal treatment, and chemical vapor deposition processes. The as‐prepared VGAs@Si@CNFs electrode exhibits excellent conductivity and flexibility because of the high graphitized carbon nanofiber network and abundant vertical graphene arrays. Such 3D all‐carbon architecture can be fabulous for providing a conductive and mechanically robust network, further improving the kinetics and restraining the volume expansion of Si NPs, especially with an ultra‐high Si content (>90 wt%). As a result, the VGAs@Si@CNFs composite demonstrates a superior specific capacity (3619.5 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1), ultralong lifespan, and outstanding rate capability (1093.1 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles at 8 A g−1) as a free‐standing anode for LIBs. It is believed that this work offers an exciting method for developing free‐standing and high‐energy‐density electrodes for other energy storage devices.

3D x-ray microtomography investigations on the bimodal porosity and high sulfur impregnation in 3D carbon foam for Li–S battery application

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to current state-of-the-art rechargeable Li-ion battery technologies, have received tremendous attention as potential candidates for next-generation portable electronics and the rapidly advancing electric vehicle market. However, substantial capacity decay, miserable cycle life, and meagre stability remain critical challenges. More specifically, shuttling of polysulfide (Li2S x (3 < x ⩽ 8)) species severely hinders the cycle performance resulting in capacity fade and cycling instability. In the present work, a highly conducting three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanofiber (CNF) foam has been synthesized using the lyophilization method followed by thermal pyrolysis. The highly porous foam materials have a bimodal porosity distribution in the nano and micro regime and were successfully investigated to serve as a potential host for sulfur species intended for Li–S battery application. 3D x-ray microtomography was employed to estimate the nature of sulfur impregnation and distribution in the 3D porous networks. On utilizing the final product as cathode material, sulfur impregnated carbonized CNF foam and modified the separator with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes delivered a specific capacity of ∼845 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1.

Self-Supported Hierarchically Porous 3d Carbon Nanofiber Network Comprising Ni/Co/Nico2o4 Nanocrystals and Hollow N-Doped C Nanocages as Sulfur Host for Highly Reversible Li–S Batteries

Self-Supported Hierarchically Porous 3d Carbon Nanofiber Network Comprising Ni/Co/Nico2o4 Nanocrystals and Hollow N-Doped C Nanocages as Sulfur Host for Highly Reversible Li–S Batteries

Self-Supported Hierarchically Porous 3d Carbon Nanofiber Network Enabled by Multicomponent Synergy Effects of Ni/Co/Nico2o4 Nanocrystals and Hollow N-Doped C Nanocages as a Binder-Free Sulfur Host for Highly Reversible Li–S Batteries

Self-Supported Hierarchically Porous 3d Carbon Nanofiber Network Enabled by Multicomponent Synergy Effects of Ni/Co/Nico2o4 Nanocrystals and Hollow N-Doped C Nanocages as a Binder-Free Sulfur Host for Highly Reversible Li–S Batteries

In Situ Formed Lithiophilic LixNbyO in a Carbon Nanofiber Network for Dendrite-Free Li-Metal Anodes.

Lithium metal is considered as a strongly attractive anode candidate for the high-energy-storage field, but its dreadful dendrite growth has haunted its commercialization progress. Herein, we develop a lithiophilic Nb2O5-embedded three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanofiber network (Nb2O5-CNF) as a scaffold to preload molten Li for the fabrication of dendrite-free composite anode. The in situ lithiation reaction between molten Li and Nb2O5 nanocrystals results in the formation of nanosize LixNbyO nanoparticles, which can serve as preferred sites that regulate nucleation/growth behavior of Li during the plating process. Besides, due to its high structural stability and abundant internal inner space, the 3D CNF network can function as a reservoir to confine the dimensional expansion of "hostless Li". The resulting Li composite anodes exhibit enlarged active areas and reduced interfacial energy barriers, delivering a prolonged cycling of 1000 h with an ultralow hysteresis of 52 mV and dendrite-free morphology in a symmetric cell (1.0 mA cm-2). Coupled with the LiFePO4 cathode, the Li@Nb2O5-CNF anode sustains a reversible capacity of 163 mAh g-1 with an excellent capacity retention of 93.0% after 370 cycles at 0.5C. This all-around strategy of lithiophilic sites coupled with a 3D conductive nanofiber matrix may shed light on promising applications of high-capacity and dendrite-free Li-metal batteries.

Heterolayered Composite of Carbon Nanofibers Sandwiched between Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and Polyurethane for Flexible Electromagnetic Shielding Application

Multifunctional flexible films having properties of low filler dosing, light weight, small thickness, excellent environmental stability, and durability are highly demanded for absorption dominant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in wearable electronic gadgets and in electronic packaging for civil, military, and space applications. For this, layered flexible films (FFs) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and polyurethane (PU) were fabricated. The sheet resistance decreased from 48.9 × 103 to 8.3 × 102 Ω/cm2 on increasing the CNF wt %, which resembled an improved 3D CNF network. This 3D CNF network was developed to achieve a total shielding efficiency (SET) of ∼25 dB (>99.9%) at 2 wt % for just 0.5 mm thickness of the film. Importantly, the fabricated film showed exceedingly consistent EMI shielding performance in a complex environment, with 22.9 dB and 23.6 dB SET values even after 1 h of ultrasonication treatment in water and 10 000 mechanical bending cycles, respectively. Conveniently, owing to the increased interfacial polarization, conduction loss, and multiple reflections, these FFs exhibited efficient EMI shielding accommodating the absorption dominant mechanism. The EMI shielding was also numerically analyzed through CST microwave studio software over the broad frequency range of 1–18 GHz. This work contributes to the fabrication and study of layered flexible films to enhance mechanical properties and achieve high absorption dominant EMI shielding for future-generation portable/wearable gadgets and packaging applications.

A (110) Facet-Dominated Vanadium Dioxide Enabling Bidirectional Electrocatalysis for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Catalysis is an effective way to improve the performance of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries by enhancing the reaction kinetics of polysulfides. However, the bidirectional catalysis for discharging and charging processes in Li-S battery is still challenging. Herein, a (110) facet-dominated VO2 is prepared through the thermal-induced partial decomposition of (NH4)2V4O9 (NVO), forming a (110)VO2@NVO hybrid with the bidirectional catalysis ability. This (110) facet-dominated VO2 shows the ability to break the S-S bond to guide the Li2S deposition in the reduction process and reduce the delithiation barrier of Li2S to promote the oxidation process. The above hybrid is loaded on carbon nanofiber (CNF) to build an interlayer, where the 3D CNF and the conductive NVO ensure the fast electron transfer. The assembled battery with the above interlayer exhibits a high capacity of 1038 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles at 0.1 C (capacity retention: 70%). At a high rate of 5 C, a high capacity of 521 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles is reached. Even under an ultrahigh sulfur loading of 10.3 mg cm-2 and a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 4 μL mgS-1, stable cycling performance with a high capacity of >3 mAh cm-2 is also achieved.