14th Day Of Incubation Research Articles

Influence of in ovoAdministration of Varying Levels of Glucose on the Serum Biochemical Indices and Haematological Parameters of Arbor Acre Broiler Chickens.

In ovo feeding is a nutritional strategy employed during the embryonic stage to optimise growth performance and immune functions for sustainable poultry production. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovoadministration of varying levels of glucose on serum biochemical indices and haematological parameters of Arbor Acre broiler chickens. Two hundred (200) fertile eggs of Arbor Acres strain of broiler chickens were used for the Experiment. Candling was done on the 14th day of incubation and viable eggs were distributed into five(5) treatment groups consisting of the control -T1 (no in ovo injection), T2 (Sham group-0.5 ml of sterile water/egg); T3 (50 mg glucose per egg); T4 (75 mg glucose per egg); T5 (100 mg glucose per egg) in a completely randomized design. The in ovoinjection was carried out on 18th day of incubation before being transferred tothe hatcher. The post-hatch chicks were replicated based on the number of chicks hatchedfrom each treatment. Data collected on blood profilewere analysed using SAS (2007).Results showed that serum and haematological indices were significantly (p<0.05) influenced, notable among them were: cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase and packed cell volume, red blood cell.The study concluded that glucose can be injected in ovoat 50-100 mg per egg to prevent adverse effects on broiler chickens.

Laccase purification and azo dye decolorization potential of Sparassis latifolia

Sparassis latifolia often referred to as Cauliflower mushroom possess both medicinal and edibility values. In this research work, first time laccase purification and dye colourisation efficacy of Sparassis latifolia’s purified laccase were assessed. Optimal laccase potential was noted after 12th day of incubation with 4 pH of medium at 45 °C. As supplementary nutritional source, sucrose and ammonium sulphate were unveiled as most effective synthetic carbon and nitrogen sources while wheat straw found as proficient lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced laccase production. Following optimisation of laccase production parameters, laccase was purified to 14.2 fold by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and anion exchange chromatography. Laccase molecular weight determined through SDS PAGE was found to be of 65 KDa. This purified laccase was tested for its ability to decolourise the Congo red at definite pH and temperature. It was found that this fungus has capability to decolourise up to 98.6% of Congo-red dye.

Fabrication of GelMA - Agarose Based 3D Bioprinted Photocurable Hydrogel with In Vitro Cytocompatibility and Cells Mirroring Natural Keratocytes for Corneal Stromal Regeneration.

The complex anatomy of the cornea and the subsequent keratocyte-fibroblast transition have always made corneal stromal regeneration difficult. Recently, 3D printing has received considerable attentionin terms of fabrication of scaffoldswith precise dimension and pattern. In the current work, 3D printable polymer hydrogels made of GelMA/agarose are formulated and its rheological properties are evaluated. Despite the variation in agarose content, both the hydrogels exhibited G'>G'' modulus. A prototype for 3D stromal model is created using Solid Works software, mimicking the anatomy of an adult cornea. The fabrication of 3D-printed hydrogels is performed using pneumatic extrusion. The FTIR analysis speculated that the hydrogel is well crosslinked and established strong hydrogen bonding with each other, thus contributing to improved thermal and structural stability. The MTT analysis revealed a higher rate of cell proliferation on the hydrogels. The optical analysis carried out on the 14th day of incubation revealed that the hydrogels exhibit transparency matching with natural corneal stromal tissue. Specific protein marker expression confirmed the keratocyte phenotype and showed that the cells do not undergo terminal differentiation into stromal fibroblasts. The findings of this work point to the potential of GelMA/A hydrogels as a novel biomaterial for corneal stromal tissue engineering.

Molecular phylogenetic characterization of L-asparaginase-producing endophytic fungi inhabiting Prunus africana and Periploca linearifolia: Effect of incubation time and pH on enzyme production

The therapeutic use of L-asparaginase derived from bacterial sources has been constrained by various challenges, including toxicity and repression. This has prompted the exploration of alternative sources, particularly eukaryotic microorganisms like fungi, to enhance the safety and effectiveness of the L-asparaginase enzyme. This study aims to investigate the fungal endophytes inhabiting Periploca linearifolia and Prunus africana as a potential source of novel L-asparaginase. Additionally, the study seeks to examine the impact of incubation time and pH on L-asparaginase production. Standard surface sterilization techniques were used for isolation of endophytic fungi. Based on the research findings, 24 % of the fungal endophytes demonstrated a positive reaction for L-ASNase activity and were identified as Colletotrichum sydowii, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium solani, Cercospora canescens, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium pancosmium, Phoma sp, Penicillium ubiquetum, septoria sp and Penicillium commune. A significant variation in the production of L-asparaginase based on the time of incubation and pH was observed. Most endophytic fungal isolates exhibit optimal enzyme activity on the 6th day of incubation. However, both Septoria sp and Colletotrichum sydowii recorded the highest L-asparaginase activity on the 9th day of incubation. Fusarium solani demonstrated peak activity of 12.4 ± 1.12 UI/mL on the 12th day of incubation. The optimal pH for L-asparaginase production by fungal endophytes was found to be between 5 and 6. The fungal endophytes isolated from medicinal plants have the potential to serve as sources of novel L-asparaginase. Furthermore, it is evident that fungal endophytes display considerable variation in L-asparaginase production, influenced by the duration of incubation and pH conditions.

Modulation of gene expression in immune-related organs by in ovo stimulation with probiotics and prophybiotics in broiler chickens.

In ovo stimulation has been studied intensively as an alternative to antibiotic use in poultry production. We investigated the potential use of a probiotic in combination with a phytobiotic as a prophybiotic for in ovo stimulation and reported its beneficial effects on the gut microbiome of broiler chickens. The current study further investigates the gene expression in the immune-related organs of these chickens to understand the tissue-specific immunomodulatory effects of the treatments. The selected prophybiotic (Leuconostoc mesenteroides with garlic aqueous extract) and its probiotic component alone were injected into ROSS308 chicken eggs on the 12th day of incubation, and gene expression in cecal tonsils, spleen, and liver at 35 days of age was determined using qPCR method. The relative expression of each treatment was compared to the positive control, chickens injected with physiological saline in ovo. The results displayed a downregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the cecal tonsils of the probiotic group and the liver of the prophybiotic group. The spleen displayed upregulated AVBD1 in both groups and upregulated IL1-β in the probiotic group. The probiotic group displayed increased expression of genes related to metabolism of energy (COX16), protein (mTOR), and lipids (CYP46A1) whereas the prophybiotic group displayed reduced expression of genes related to cholesterol synthesis (SREBP1) and glucose transportation (SLC2A2) in the liver. In conclusion, Leuconostoc mesenteroides differentially modulated gene expression in chickens when administered in ovo in combination with garlic aqueous extract. Further in ovo studies with different prophybiotic combinations are required to optimize the benefits in broiler chickens.

Optimization of phenanthrene biodegradation process by isolated bacterial strain Rhodococcus sp. using response surface methodology

This research aimed to assess the biodegradation potential of phenanthrene in a simulated aqueous solution using an isolated bacterial strain, Rhodococcus sp., with the assistance of a Box-Behnken design matrix. To gauge the impact of key operational factors, pH (6.0 to 9.0), temperature (20 to 40°C), initial phenanthrene concentration (50 to 100 ppm) and incubation time (7 to 21 days), the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to design the biodegradation experiment. The experimental findings highlighted incubation time as the most influential variable followed by initial phenanthrene concentration, pH and temperature via Box-Behnken Design (BBD) matrix. To determine the maximum phenanthrene biodegradation, the Desirability Function Methodology (DFM) was applied. Within the designated parameter ranges, the highest phenanthrene biodegradation (70.0%) was observed at pH 7.3, temperature of 30°C and an initial phenanthrene concentration of 70 ppm on the 19th day of incubation. The model's fitness was thoroughly validated, with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9899 and a "Prob>F" value below 0.0500, affirming its suitability for optimization purposes. This study underscores the utility of the RSM in optimizing operational variables, ultimately resulting in significant time and cost savings for experimentation.

Impact of dichromatic lighted incubation on hatching result and post-hatch performance of broiler chickens.

This study was planned to evaluate the impact of dichromatic lights during incubation on the hatching and post-hatch performance of broiler chickens. A total of 500 eggs of broiler breeder (Ross 308; Age 44 weeks) were evenly divided according to a completely randomized design into 4 treatments having 5 replicates and 25 eggs each. Treatments consisted of dichromatic lights Blue + Red (BR), Green + Red (GR) and Green + Blue (GB) provided at an intensity of 250lx for 12h a day along with a Dark (D) environment. After hatching 200 chicks (50 from each respective light group) were divided into 4 treatments with 5 replicates each having 10 chicks. Results indicated a higher embryo index (13.12%) in the GR group on the 12th day of incubation; while an ideal hatch window was observed in GR and GB (98.18% and 96.00% hatched chicks) lighting groups. In hatching traits, higher hatchability (86.15) and hatch of fertile (93.85) percentages were observed in GR lighting followed by GB, BR and Dark treatment groups; while dead-in shell embryos were lowest in the GR group. In growth performance, higher feed intake (513.20g) and body weight (479.20g) were observed in the GB group followed by GR, BR and dark group; and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better in the GR group (1.06). In welfare parameters, improved physical asymmetry (0.90mm) and tonic immobility (54.40s) were measured in the GR group followed by GB, BR and the dark group. It was concluded that under experimental conditions when broiler breeder eggs are provided with GR lighting during incubation, it can help to improve hatchability, growth performance and welfare traits in chicks.

Antifungal Properties of Bio-AgNPs against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum Infection of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seedlings.

Ascochyta blight and Fusarium root rot are the most serious fungal diseases of pea, caused by D. pinodes and F. avenaceum, respectively. Due to the lack of fully resistant cultivars, we proposed the use of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) as a novel protecting agent. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal properties and effectiveness of bio-AgNPs, in in vitro (poisoned food technique; resazurin assay) and in vivo (seedlings infection) experiments, against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum. Moreover, the effects of diseases on changes in the seedlings' metabolic profiles were analyzed. The MIC for spores of both fungi was 125 mg/L, and bio-AgNPs at 200 mg/L most effectively inhibited the mycelium growth of D. pinodes and F. avenaceum (by 45 and 26%, respectively, measured on the 14th day of incubation). The treatment of seedlings with bio-AgNPs or fungicides before inoculation prevented the development of infection. Bio-AgNPs at concentrations of 200 mg/L for D. pinodes and 100 mg/L for F. avenaceum effectively inhibited infections' spread. The comparison of changes in polar metabolites' profiles revealed disturbances in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in pea seedlings by both pathogenic fungi. The involvement of bio-AgNPs in the mobilization of plant metabolism in response to fungal infection is also discussed.

The developmental architecture of the crop of quail embryos (Coturnix coturnix): Morphometric, light and scanning electron microscopy.

The present study focused on the histogenesis of the crop in quail embryos. The developmental sequence was recorded from day 10 of incubation to the hatching day (17th day) by gross anatomy, morphometric analysis and by using light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Grossly, the crop was distinguished as an enlarged pouch of the cervical oesophagus on the 12th day of incubation. Histologically, the development of the crop began on the 10th day of incubation. The muscularis mucosae was observed as a small, thin layer of myoblast cells on the 10th day, then it appeared as longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibres with progression of the developmental age till hatching day. The submucosal layer was also observed on the 10th day, while the lamina propria, muscular layer (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle fibre) and glandular primordia were detected on the 12th day. The epithelial cells of crop revealed affinity for PAS stain and AB-PAS on the 10th day of incubation till the 17th day, while the affinity for AB stain appeared on the 14th day of incubation. Additionally, the glandular cells showed the positive for AB, PAS and AB-PAS on the 12th day of incubation. SEM sections showed variable sizes of the openings of the oesophageal glands. In conclusion, the present study provided a detailed overview of the histogenesis of the crop in quail embryos.

Effect of in ovo injection of epigallocatechin-3 gallate and oleuropein on hatching, productive and physiological aspects of broiler chicks exposed to short heat stress

This study was aimed to investigate the influence of in ovo injection (IO) into air cell (AC) or yolk sac (YS) of epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EG) and oleuropein (OL) as antioxidants on hatching, physiological and productive performance of heat-stressed chicks. 840 fertile eggs were chosen for IO on 12th day of incubation. Eggs were divided into 7 groups within 4 replications each as follows: negative control (NC) without IO and other groups involved IO of 100 μl distilled water and 5 mg each of EG and OL in both AC and YS sites of egg. After hatching, chicks were exposed to heat stress for 24 h and raised for 42 d. Compared with NC, the results revealed that main effect of IO with EG and OL increased (p≤0.05) hatchability and decreased deformed chicks and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, corticosterone and heat shock protein 70 with enhancing feed efficiency, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and thyroxine in serum or liver. High chick length and relative chick weight with low serum protein carbonyl and feed intake were recorded (p≤0.05) by EG. Low rectal temperature and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio with high body weight were recordered (p≤0.05) by OL. No mainly altered effects between both IO sites on most variables measured. However, there were significant influences among interactive treatments which related to in ovo injected substance in an injection site-dependent manner. It is concluded that improved hatchability, physiological and productive characteristics of heat-stressed chicks were achieved by IO of EG and OL.

Prophybiotics for in-ovo stimulation; validation of effects on gut health and production of broiler chickens

Probiotics and phytobiotics have demonstrated effective improvement of gut health in broiler chickens when individually administered in-ovo. However, their combined use in-ovo, has not been studied to date. We coined the term "prophybiotic" (probiotic + phytobiotic) for such a combination. The current study therefore, aimed to elucidate the effects of combined use of a selected probiotic and a phytobiotic in-ovo, on broiler gut health and production parameters, as opposed to use of probiotics alone. ROSS 308 hatching eggs were injected with either Leuconostoc mesenteroides (probiotic: PB) or L. mesenteroides with garlic aqueous extract (prophyiotic: PPB) on the 12th day of incubation. Relative abundances of bacteria in feces and cecal content (qPCR), immune related gene expression in cecal mucosa (qPCR) and histomorphology of cecal tissue (PAS staining) were analyzed along with production parameters (hatch quality, body weight, feed efficiency and slaughter and meat quality). PPB treatment increased the abundance of faecalibacteria and bifidobacteria in feces (d 7) and Akkermansia sp. in cecal content. Moreover, it decreased Escherichia coli abundance in both feces (d 34) and cecal content. PB treatment only increased the faecalibacteria in feces (d 7) and Akkermansia sp. in the cecal content. Moreover, PPB treatment resulted in up-regulation of immune related genes (Avian beta defensing 1, Free fatty acid receptor 2 and Mucin 6) and increased the crypt depth in ceca whereas PB treatment demonstrated a higher crypt depth and a tendency to increase Mucin 6 gene expression. Both treatments did not impair the production parameters studied. In conclusion, our results suggest that in-ovo PPB treatment may have enhanced potential in boosting the immune system without compromising broiler production and efficiency, as compared to the use of probiotic alone. Our study, highlights the potential of carefully selected PPB combinations for better results in improving gut health of broiler chickens.

Growth performance, histological and physiological responses of heat-stressed broilers in response to short periods of incubation during egg storage and thermal conditioning

The short periods of incubation during egg storage (SPIDES) method enhances the quality of chicks and improves hatching rates. Additionally, embryonic thermal conditioning (TC) is a technique used to enhance thermotolerance in birds. Previous studies have evaluated the effects of SPIDES and embryonic TC separately. Yet, our hypothesis postulated that a synergistic effect could be achieved by integrating TC and SPIDES, thereby enhancing the broilers' resilience to thermal stress. We conducted an experiment involving 800 Ross broiler eggs, divided into two groups. The first group, referred to as S0, was maintained under standard storage room conditions and acted as our control group. The second group, known as S1, underwent a process called SPIDES for 5 h at a temperature of 37.8 ± 0.1 °C, on three occasions: days 5, 10, and 15 following egg collection. Upon reaching the 14th day of incubation (DOI), each of these primary groups was randomly subdivided into two equal subgroups. The control subgroup, designated as TC0, remained in the usual incubation conditions. Meanwhile, the other subgroup, TC1, was subjected to prenatal heat conditioning at a temperature of 39.5 ± 0.1 °C for 6 h per day, commencing on the 14th embryonic day (E) and extending until the 18th embryonic day (E). This experimental setup resulted in four distinct experimental subgroups: S0TC0, S1TC0, S0TC1, and S1TC1. The findings indicated that the combined application of SPIDES and TC had a significant positive effect on chick performance after hatching. Specifically, the (S1TC1) group exhibited the heaviest live body weight (LBW) and body weight gain (BWG) at the marketing age in comparison to the other groups. Furthermore, both SPIDES and TC had a positive influence on the relative weights of breast muscles and their histological measurements. The (S1TC1) group displayed significantly higher values in terms of the relative weight of breast muscles and the number of myocytes. In conclusion, SPIDES and TC have beneficial effects on pre- and post-hatch characteristics of broiler chicks up until the marketing age. Additionally, TC techniques improve chick performance, particularly under conditions of heat stress, and enhance the yield of breast muscle in later stages of life.

Effect of Selected Entomopathogenic Fungal Species on Embryonic Development of Ascaris suum (Nematoda).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of using five selected species of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Conidiobolus coronatus, Isaria fumosorosea, and Metarhizium robertsii) in the bioregulation of the dispersive stages of the parasitic nematode-Ascaris suum. Experimental cultures of each of the selected entomopathogenic fungi, as well as a control culture without fungi, were incubated with A. suum eggs at 26 °C for 28 days. Development of the A. suum eggs was observed using a light microscope on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of incubation. The API-ZYM® test was used to determine, semiquantitatively, the activity of 19 hydrolytic enzymes from the entomopathogenic fungi. The cytotoxicity of the fungi was determined using tetrazole salt MTT. It was found that none of the five tested strains of entomopathogenic fungi showed an ovicidal effect, and none of them colonized the A. suum egg shells. However, ovistatic activity was observed mainly until the 14th day of incubation by I. fumosorosea, M. robertsii, and B. bassiana. In the MTT test, M. robertsii showed moderate cytotoxicity, while the other species showed low cytotoxicity. Among the strains tested, I. fumosorosea showed the highest spectrum of hydrolase production (13 out of 19 enzymes gave a positive reaction from 3 to 5; 20-40 nM or more). The absence of morphological changes in the A. suum egg shells suggests that the antagonistic effect of the studied entomopathogenic fungi may be due to their cytotoxicity, associated with the production of secondary metabolites-toxins (M. robertsii) and enzymatic activity (I. fumosorosea).

Systematic characterisation, and effect of nutritional and physical parameters on culturability, laccase production and dye decolorisation potential by P. pistillaris from Pakistan

Podaxis pistillaris is neutraceutically, cosmoceutically and medicinally recognised macrofungus. During this research work, this edible mushroom was systematically characterised. Its culturability, laccase production, and dye decolorisation potential were evaluated and optimised. Among the different media tested, PDA proved as most efficient medium for culturability of P. pistillaris. Conditions for laccase production were optimised in submerged state fermentation. Maximum laccase secretion was noted after 14th day of Incubation at 35 °C with 130 rpm and 5 pH of medium. Fructose and ammonium-phosphate was found as best carbon and nitrogen source, while wheat straw revealed as good ligno-cellulosic source for strengthening laccase production. Congo-red dye decolorisation capability by crude laccase enzyme was evaluated and found maximum decolorisation potential (92.2%) after 288h of incubation. From this pilot study, it was confirmed that this edible macrofungus has culturability, laccase production and dye decolorisation attributes that will further contribute in delignification, biosorption and bioremediation.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation by a mangrove isolated cyanobacteria Limnothrix planktonica using fruit waste

Cyanobacterial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is preferred over bacteria for low-cost production due to its photoautotrophic nature and lower carbon requirement. Considering its impact on the environment and circular economy, the valorization of fruit waste is the need of the hour. In the present study, fruit peels of banana, orange, pea, jackfruit, watermelon and waste flowers were tried as carbon sources for mangrove-isolated cyanobacteria Limnothrix planktonica to accumulate PHB. Alterations in the ASN-III culture medium and the introduction of untreated and pre-treated (acid/alkali-treated) peels as carbon sources are tried to enhance PHB. Banana peel showed the maximum PHB accumulation potential of 25.73 mg/L on the 12th day of incubation, followed by jackfruit (22.46 mg/L) and watermelon peels (20.72 mg/L); whereas, commercial carbon sources showed lower PHB accumulation up to 19.26 mg/L and 18.21 mg/L with fructose and glucose respectively. PHB accumulation was boosted to 5-fold higher (39.39 mg/L) in NP deficiency medium along with banana peel supplement, as compared to photoautotrophic conditions (8.49 mg/L) after the 9th day of incubation. Additionally, the PHB obtained by using the fruit wastes has a higher molecular weight than the PHB accumulated during photoautotrophic conditions. Optimization of parameters using fruit wastes and characterization of PHB would lead to its potential use.

Hepatic heat shock proteins, antioxidant-related genes, and immunocompetence of heat-stressed broilers in response to short periods of incubation during egg storage and thermal conditioning

Short Periods of Incubation During Egg Storage (SPIDES) approach improves chick quality and hatching rates. Also, embryonic thermal conditioning (TC) is a strategy for enhancing thermotolerance in avian species. Until now, evaluating the effect of either SPIDES or embryonic TC effects has only been separately conducted, so we hypothesized that combining TC and SPIDES may enhance the response of broilers to thermal stress. Eight hundred Ross broiler eggs were divided into two groups; the first one was kept under appropriate storage room conditions, S0 (control) The 2nd was subjected to SPIDES for 5 h at 37.8 ○C ± 0.1 three times at days 5, 10, and 15 (S1) after egg collection respectively. On the 14th day of incubation (DOI) each of the two main groups was randomly divided into two equal subgroups; the control one was left under the appropriate incubation settings (TC0) whereas the other received prenatal heat conditioning (TC1) at 39.5 ○C ± 0.1 for 6 h/d from the 14th to the 18th embryonic day (E), resulting finally in four experimental subgroups (S0TC0, S1TC0, S0TC1 & S1TC1). Resultsshowed that SPIDES treatment improved the hatchability of the stored eggs by almost 20% compared to untreated eggs. A combination of SPIDES and TC (S1TC1) increased significantly the levels of Immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) production at hatch and heat-stressed birds. Our findings revealed that the hepatic heat shock proteins (hsp70, 90 A,90 B, 60 and hspA9), antioxidants-related genes (CAT, and SOD2), and NADPH4 were significantly downregulated in the thermally conditioned group that challenged with thermal stress conditions. As opposed to that, the SPIDES group showed a significant increase in hepatic heat shock proteins, antioxidants-related genes, and NADPH4 when subjected to thermal-stress conditions.In conclusion, the combination of SPIDES and TC has a positive effect on some pre and post-hatch traits of broiler chicks. Under heat stress challenge, thermal conditioning can modify the expression of antioxidant-related genes and Hsps, leading to the enhanced acquisition of thermotolerance as evidenced by lower expression of Hsps and NADPH4. While SPIDES does not have a significant role in thermotolerance acquisition.

And interpretation of ducks embryo development

It is well known that the brooding period, the size of the chicks and their maturity during the hatching period are significantly depend on the species of birds and closely related to the genetic factors and environmental conditions. The investigation of embryonic development on the model of poultry hatching eggs is a vivid effective, readily accessible and budget-oriented method. The article presents data on the use of instru ments and equipment (ovarioscope, incubator), characterizes the mode of duck eggs brooding, shows the methods used in the investigation of incubated eggs - ovaroscopy, anatomization and morphometry. The aim of the research was to visualize the embryonal development of ducks and interpret the obtained data. The goals of our research were 1) to obtain daily photos of embryonic development; 2) to describe daily visible changes in development, to weigh and measure the embryos. The pictures of anatomized embryos of Peking meat breed ducks, which obtained by photographing in the period from 1st to 27th days of incubation, are presented in our article. The research shows the formation and increasing in the size of cicatricle in the early stages of incubation in the period from 1st to 4th days of its development and describes the pictures of cardiovascular system formation and the branching of the capillary network from the 4th day of incubation. There are the data on the formation and development of the first rudimentary feathers on the tail on the 10th day, the formation of claws on the 12th day and the formation of egg tooth on the 14th day of incubation. It is established that on the 21st day there is no albumen in the egg and the yolk is becoming compact. On the 22nd day, the yolk begins to retract into the abdominal cavity, on the 25th day, the yolk sac with its contents is retracted into the abdominal cavity by 2/3, the eyes of the embryo begin to open. On the 27th day of incubation, the embryo is formed, the yolk sac is completely retracted into the abdominal cavity, and the eggshell pecking begins. The article presents the data on the morphometry of embryos, showing their mass and length growth during the incubation period

Effect of Cigarette Smoke on the Developing Embryo: Chick as an Animal Model

Tobacco has been widely used for chewing and smoking and Nicotine is the major component of the tobacco. Nicotine can enter via many ways.It has been noted that maternal exposure of Nicotine by direct or indirect way has been increased now a days. Studies designated that in United States 12.7% women smoke during pregnancy, and a noteworthy proportion of population has been exposed to maternal smoking in utero.
 The early chick embryo is an established model of the first month of embryonic development in mammals.
 Effects of Nicotine on the growth and development of the embryo in utero has been studied using an embryonic chick as an experimental animal model. Experimental embryos were exposed with cigarette smoke. The eggs were incubated at 37ºC for 4,8,12 and 16 days respectively. Body weight, size of head, size of the trunk, complete body size as well as protein at the Tissue level also glucose and Cholesterol has been studied after the mentioned days of incubation. It has been noted that nicotine exposure caused alterations in all the parameters studied. From the results it has been concluded that the Nicotine exposure goes on accumulating and it leads into the death of the embryos after 12th day of incubation.

Effect of Aqueous Turmeric Extract on Lipid Peroxidation and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Liver Tissue of Chick Embryo Treated with silver nanoParticles

Turmeric extract has antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, and in addition, curcumin present in turmeric extract can be a powerful protective factor against biochemical changes and cellular oxidative damages. In order to investigate the effect of turmeric aqueous extract on lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissue of chick embryos treated with silver nanoparticles, 45 race Ross 308 fertilized eggs were randomly divided into control groups (single injection of 0.5 ml saline solution) and 4 treated groups. On the 10th day of incubation, treated groups of 1, 2, 3 and 4 received silver nanoparticles (a single injection of 0.5 ml silver nanoparticles, 200 ppm and 60 nm). On the 12th day of incubation, treated groups of 2, 3 and 4 received turmeric aqueous extract with concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 μg/ml (single injection of 0.5 ml turmeric aqueous extract). The injection was done in the amnion sac embryos. On the 20th day of incubation, the concentration of malondialdehyde and the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes in liver tissue were measured by ELISA method. Statistical analysis was carried out by using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests (p<0.05). Compared to treated group 1, the tissue concentration of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in treated groups 2, 3 and 4 significantly increased and the tissue concentration of malondialdehyde decreased significantly (p<0.05). Dose-dependent injection of turmeric aqueous extract dreduces the toxicity caused by silver nanoparticle and reduces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue of chick embryos.

Detection of Antihistamines (Chlopheneramine and Fexofenadine) in blood of fertilized hens eggs embryos by using Thin Layer Chromatography method

The aim of the present study was to detect the of antihistamines (Chlorpheneramine and Fexofenadine) in blood of fertilized hens eggs embryos at 12th day of incubation in doses (1mg/ egg injection into air sell) by using thin layer chromatography method (TLC). TLC method cosider simplest form of chromatography techniques and cosider simple,rapid and qualitative technique to identification of drugs in a biological fluids and separation of some organic compoundsfrom living media by estimation arange of retention factor to the drugs and compounds.deteced about Chlorpheneramine and Fexofenadine, the retention factor of Chlorpheneramine (0.289±0.15, 0.272±0.14, 0.285± 0.13) at (30, 60, 120 minute) respectively the color of spot is bright yellow this result is approach to the value of retention factor of standerd solution of Chlorpheneramine (0.295±0.11) and the colore of spot is bright yellow,While the retention factor of fexofenadine (0.214±0.11, 0.222±0.13, 0.219±0.17) at (30,60,120 minute) respectively the colore of spot is bright yellow this resulte is approach to the value of retention factor of standerd solution of Fexofenadine (0.225±0.19) and the color of spot is bright yellow this indicate on fact the antihistamines drugs reached to blood supply during this time and also discussed the nature of this drug of highy lipid solubility and fast absorption by blood vessles of chorioallantoic membrane and reached to blood supply of fertilized hens eggs embryos.The result of current study to detected the antihistamines by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) demonstrated the result of scentific research about TLC metod described here is simple and rapid qualitative technique to identification of chemical compounds .