Mass Of Grains Research Articles

Improving technology of eincorn cultivation in the central part of the North Caucasus

In production technology to create a highly productive sowing of grain crops, careful regulation of numerous factors that determine the formation of a high yield is required. In various soil and climatic conditions of crop cultivation optimization of technological methods determine the crop size and its quality indicators. Therefore, in order to achieve the highest yield, it is necessary to create conditions for growth and development, under which the largest number of productive stems with the maximum grain mass should be preserved until harvest [1, 8, 13].The yield of the studied variety of Yarovaya spring eincorn is directly dependent on the satisfaction of crops with mineral nutrition elements. The level of efficiency of mineral fertilizers is increased by optimizing the timing of sowing and the selected predecessor.Optimization of mineral nutrition makes it possible to increase the yield of this crop by an average of 16.1%. The early sowing of eincorn after the predecessors of peas and corn for silage makes it possible to maintain the optimal number of productive stems of more than 4.6 million. plants per hectare with the highest grain weight per plant.At the same time, the interaction of the number of plants and different levels of mineral nutrition has led to a significant change in the quantitative indicators of eincorn productivity by changing the mass of grain from one plant, which significantly increases the yield to 2.87 t/ha, which is 200% higher than the worst case and 67% higher than the control variant in our studies.The introduction of mineral fertilizers does not have a great effect on the content of spikelets in the ear, while it has an effect on the quality indicators and the physical weight of the grain in the ear. The weight of seeds from 1 productive ear when mineral fertilizers are applied reaches 0.8 g compared to the control variant.With an early sowing period with a predecessor of peas and corn for silage, the efficiency of mineral fertilizers increases.

Weed-Hoeing Periods in Cowpea Cultivation under Direct and Conventional Systems.

Weed coexistence with an agricultural crop can negatively affect its growth, development, and yield. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate weed management strategies and their effect on the agronomic parameters of cowpea cultivation in direct (SPD) and conventional (SPC) planting systems. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement with four replications. The plots received a source of variation referring to the planting systems (direct and conventional planting), and the subplots corresponded to ten weed management strategies (manual hoeing 18 days after planting (DAP); at 36 DAP; at 54 DAP; at 18 and 36 DAP; at 18 and 54 DAP; at 18 and 72 DAP; at 36 and 54 DAP; at 36-72 DAP; at 18, 36, and 54 DAP; and a control with no hoeing). Density and dry mass evaluations of the cowpea plants were performed at harvest (72 DAP) by determining the number of pods per plant, pod length, number of grains per pod, 1000-grain mass, and yield. A total of 28 species distributed in 12 botanical families were identified in the two cultivation systems. The family Poaceae showed the highest frequency, with 25% of the species identified. At the end of the assay, treatment 20 had the highest positive influence and provided significant quantitative gains to the complex of traits related to cowpea production (SPD and hoeing at 18, 36, and 54 DAP). UPGMA cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis were performed and allowed a better classification of the evaluated treatments. It was observed that the first two canonical variables explained 90.8% of the total variance contained in the original variables. The use of SPD with weeding at 18, 36, and 54 days after planting provides greater weed control and significant quantitative gains for the complex of characteristics related to cowpea production. The results underscore the importance of choosing the correct cropping system and implementing effective weeding practices to optimize weed control and improve crop performance.

Organic system and reflections on white oat grain productivity components

The objective of the study was to evidence efficient management strategies in order to maximize the organic cultivation system promotes a new dynamic in the behavior of white oat genotypes, where it is necessary to evidence genotypes with superior performance. The study aimed to highlight the productive performance and genetic diversity of white oat genotypes in an organic system. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Augusto Pestana - RS, in the 2021 crop year. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with four treatments arranged in five replications. The treatments correspond to the cultivars IPR Artemis, URS Taura, URS Corona and URS Brava. It is observed that there is a possibility of indirect selection of productive genotypes through the mass of grains per panicle and number of grains per panicle. Brava and Taura are the most divergent genotypes. Through the analysis of the white oat genotypes, it is highlighted that it is possible to promote the proper positioning of the genotypes in the organic system. In addition, the existence of genetic divergence between the genotypes is evidenced. The components that determined the productivity of white oat cultivars in organic system were number of plants per square meter, number and grain weight per plant. The cultivar IPR Artemis and URS Taura showed similarity for plant height and height of panicle insertion, tillering and grain yield, URS Brava and URS Corona are similar in terms of the number of grains per plant. IPR Artemis is recommended for grain yield in an organic system.

The study of the dependence of biological products and the yield of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) variety ‘Ratnik’ in arid conditions of the Volgograd region, Russia

Within two years, based on theoretical data and research by other scientists in the arid conditions of the Volgograd region, an experiment was laid on the basis of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Kamyshinsky district in the village of Gosselek station on the influence of modern micro fertilizers on spring barley. Our goal was to obtain data on practical application, as well as to analyze and identify the dependence of various yield coefficients and preparations on climatic conditions characteristic of the region. The object was spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and modern biological products. When conducting research in 2020-21, climatic conditions and adaptive properties of spring barley in the arid zone were taken into account. Observations were carried out according to the methodology of Dospekhov and the state variety testing. After harvesting, a structural analysis of the components of plant productivity was carried out (the number of productive stems per plant, the number of productive spikelets in the ear, the number of grains in the main ear, the number of grains in the spikelet, the number of grains from the plant and the mass of grain from the main ear, the mass of grain from the plant and the mass of 1000 grains). Processing and analysis of mathematical data were carried out in the Excel program. The significance of the difference between the analyzed indicators (NSR05) was determined with a reliable probability of 95%, the arithmetic mean (M) and standard deviation were calculated (±SD). The coefficient of paired correlation (r) between the indicators of the crop structure was calculated with a reliable probability of 95%. The significance level P less than 0.05 was taken as reliable. Data analysis showed that the best indicators of the structure of the spring barley crop were obtained on variant B3. On the basis of the data obtained, regression models were constructed that revealed the relationship between yield factors. Based on the processed data for 2020-21, it can be concluded that there is a direct relationship between the yield of spring barley and the signs. The yield of spring barley can be influenced not only by the introduction of various drugs that stimulate the development of plants, but also by the soil and climatic conditions of the region.

STUDY OF MOISTURE INDICATORS OF RECYCLED GRAIN MASS

STUDY OF MOISTURE INDICATORS OF RECYCLED GRAIN MASS

Silicon in agrocenosis with spring wheat

The influence of various ways of using silicon in the form of potassium silicate on the yield of spring wheat under the conditions of model agrocenosis has been studied. To address the issues raised, a vegetative experiment was carried out in the soil culture. Studied two ways of making potassium silicate by treating seeds before sowing and applying to the soil. The positive effect of the silicon-containing compound was established both on the mass of grain and on the mass of straw. The greatest efficiency of silicon was manifested when using potassium silicate for seed treatment before sowing. The mass of grain increased as a result of an increase in the average number of seeds per ear by 5% and the weight of 1000 grains by 22%. An increase in the removal of basic nutrients from the soil was revealed as a result of an increase in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and stimulation of the processes of their outflow from vegetative organs to generative organs.

Features of the winter common wheat variety ‘Zodiak’ when cultivating it according to various forecrops and sowing time

The current study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the agrotechnical crop rotation of the laboratory for grain cultivation technology. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of such factors as a forecrop and sowing time on productivity and grain quality of the winter common wheat variety ‘Zodiak’. During the study, there was found that the variety ‘Zodiak’ produced up to 9.70 t/ha. There was established that the high adaptability of the variety ‘Zodiak’ made it possible to obtain high yields at different sowing dates, however, there was a tendency to form maximum productivity when sowing at the optimal time for the area (20 and 30 of September). There was found that the large productivity of the crop sown in black fallow was ensured by the number of productive stems (up to 596 pcs/m2) and productivity per head (number of kernels per head up to 31.3 pcs., grain weight per head up to 1.42 g). For all forecrops in the variant with a late sowing time, there was a decrease in number of kernels per head (by 6.2–22.9 %) and mass of grain per head (by 1.7–11.7 %) compared with earlier sowing dates. Biochemical analysis has shown that when sown in black fallow and after peas, the yielded grain had the maximum protein per-centage on average up to 14.1 % and 13.3 %, respectively. There has been established that the variety ‘Zodiak’ could form high-quality grain even when it was sown after sunflower (with 12.3–12.6 % of protein and 22.5–23.5 % of gluten). The best economic indicators in the cultivation of the variety ‘Zodiak’ were obtained when it was sown in black fallow, with up to 191 % of profitability, up to 77993 rubles/ha of conditional net income.

Manifestation of phenotypic dominance in F1 and the degree of transgression in F2 by elements of productivity of the main ear of soft winter wheat

The results of the study of phenotypic dominance in F 1 and the degree of transgression in F2 by elements of productivity: the number and mass of grains and the length of the main ear of soft winter wheat are presented. The selection of parental components for crossing was formed according to the scheme of 7x7 diallel crossings: by productivity (Podolianka, MIP Kniazhna, MIP Yuvileina, MIP Dovira), nutritional direction (Chornobrova, Biliava, Sofivka). In F 1, according to the length of the main spike, heterosis or overdominance was determined in 25 crossing combinations (61.0 %). The highest manifestation of heterosis was found in reciprocal crossings: MIP Kniazhna ↔ Biliava, MIP Yuvileina ↔ Sofivka, MIP Kniazhna ↔ MIP Yuvileina, etc. According to the number of grains in the main spike, heterosis was found in 26 crossing combinations (63.5 %) of MIP Kniazhna ↔ Chornobrova, Chornobrova ↔ MIP Yuvileina, MIP Dovira ↔ MIP Yuvileina, etc. By the mass of grains from the main ear, overdominance was found in 29 crossing combinations (72.5 %) of MIP Kniazhna ↔ Chornobrova, MIP Yuvileina ↔ Biliava, Sofivka ↔ Chornobrova, etc. These groups have the highest value for selection practice. In F 2, most populations signifcantly exceeded parental components, which indicates a signifcant formative process and the possibility of selection. According to the length of the main ear, positive transgression was found in 96.7 % of the hybrid populations. According to the number of grains from the main ear, the degree of positive transgression was determined in 32 hybrid populations (80.9 %). According to the mass of grains from the main ear - in 40 studied populations (97.5 %). A high degree of transgression was characterized by hybrid populations where varieties were used as the maternal form: MIP Kniazhna, MIP Yuvileina, MIP Dovira, Sofivka, Chornobrova, etc. Key words: winter wheat, F1 hybrids, productivity elements, phenotypic dominance, F2 populations, transgression.

Influence of Vympel 2 and Oracul multicomplex biopreparations and their mixture on spring barley (Hordeum L.) plants of different varieties

The study of mechanisms of biological preparations influence on the plants of agricultural crops in order to improve and regulate their growth is an urgent task in agroecology. So, the article presents the results of studies of changes in biometric parameters of spring barley plants depending on the effect of biological preparations Vympel 2, Oracle multicomplex and their mixture (Vympel 2 + Oracle multicomplex). The research was conducted on the basis of temporary field experiments (Skvyra research station of organic production of IAEM of the National Academy of Sciences) and at the department of agrobioresources and ecologically safe technologies in the laboratory of biocontrol of agroecosystems and organic production of the IAEM of the National Academy of Sciences. In the course of the work, it was determined that under the influence of the mixture of Vympel 2 + Oracul multicomplex preparations, spring barley plants of varieties Sebastian and Helios, in the phase of full grain maturity, were 10 cm taller compared to the option without treatment (control). This shows that the treatment of spring barley plants with microfertilizer and growth stimulator ensured an increase in the linear dimensions of plants in height in all phases of their development. It has been established that the influence of preparations Vympel 2, Oracul multicomplex and their mixture (Vympel 2 + Oracul multicomplex) enhances the formation of the assimilation apparatus, which improves the conditions for the growth and development of spring barley plants, both due to the stimulating properties of the plant growth regulator and the improvement of soil nutrition conditions from the side of microfertilizer, which affects the formation of high-yielding crops. It was analyzed that the ear length, the number of grains in the ear, and the mass of grains of spring barley plants changed under the influence of the preparations, which depends on the varietal characteristics of the plants and the stimulating effect of the studied preparations. The best results were obtained by using the Vympel 2 + Oracul multicomplex mixture on plants of the Sebastian variety, where the length of the ear was 2 cm higher, and the weight of the grains was 22 g heavier compared to the control variant.

Evaluation of varieties of winter barley of different ecological and geographical origin according to economically valuable traits and properties

Relevance. The conditions of the Rostov region are characterized by a change in environmental factors (severe winters, drought, waterlogging in some years, different levels of soil fertility, etc.), therefore, production requires varieties with a wide level of adaptivity, tolerance to the most harmful diseases, resistant to lodging, abiotic stress. The purpose of the research is to study varieties of various ecological and geographical origin and to identify sources of economically valuable traits and properties of winter barley for inclusion in breeding programs and their involvement in hybridization.Methods. The research was carried out in 2018–2021 in a variety test on the predecessor of peas. The study included 28 varieties of domestic (FSBI ANC «Donskoy», FSBI «North Caucasian FNAC», FSBI «National Grain Center named after P.P. Lukyanenko») and foreign (Ukraine, Germany) breeding. Weather conditions during the years of research made it possible to obtain relatively high yields in the nursery, as well as to fully evaluate the breeding material according to the main economically valuable characteristics and properties.Results. The highest yield was obtained for varieties Marusya (Russia) — 7.9 t/ha, Erema — 7.4 t/ha, Vivat — 7.3 t/ha (Russia), KWS-Meredian — 7.3 t/ha (Germany), Ogonkovsky — 7.2 t/ha (Russia). Two varieties can be distinguished as sources of precocity — Fox 1 (Russia) and KWS-Casino (Germany), in which earing was noted on May 12–13. The varieties Explorer 5 and Explorer 7 (Germany) stood out in terms of coarse grain. Such varieties as Capten (2.6 g), KWS-Meredian (2.5 g), Explorer 7 (Germany) (2.6 g), Galaktion (Switzerland) (2.5 g), Plato (Russia) (2.5 g) formed a high mass of grain from the ear. The sources of shortness are two varieties: Fox 1 (Russia) and KWS-Casino (Germany). According to the results of the analysis, varieties that can be used as a starting material in breeding programs for winter barley have been identified.

Correlation and contrasts between agronomic and physical traits of grain in transgenic and conventional corn hybrids for the food industry

The food industry is very interested in high-yield ingredients to enrich and develop new products that have an affordable value for the population. This work aimed to determine the correlations and contrasts between grain physical and agronomic traits of conventional and transgenic corn hybrids cultivated in the first crop season. The experiments were installed in the 2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20 crop seasons in Guarapuava - PR. The experimental design was a randomized block design with eight hybrids (SUPREMO VIP, SUPREMO, P30F53VYH, P30F53, P3456H, P3456, DKB290PRO3, and DKB290) and three replications. The agronomic traits, such as the percentage of rot grains, 1000-grain mass, and grain yield, also the physical traits of grains for industrial purposes, such as grits, germ, vitreousness, flotation, and hectoliter weight, were evaluated. There is a positive correlation between grits and flotation. The choice of hybrids for the food industry based on vitreousness positively favors flotation. The grits showed a positive correlation with hectoliter weight and a negative correlation with the incidence of rot grains. Vitreousness was influenced by the choice of conventional or transgenic hybrid and crop season. The environments of the crop seasons influence the grain yield, 1000-grain mass, and rot grain incidence of conventional and transgenic corn hybrids.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПОИСКОВЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ТРИЕРА С АВТОРЕГУЛИРУЕМЫМ СКОРОСТНЫМ РЕЖИМОМ РАБОТЫ

The research methodology for the process of screen cleaning of grain mixtures in an autoregulated mode and the results of exploratory experiments are presented. Favorable conditions for its flow - full loading of the cellular surface with a grain mixture along the length and a minimum of grain yield of the main crop are confirmed by the basic criteria for the quality of the technological process. The average level of residual weediness was 0.0019%, and the average level of technological losses was 0.042%. It has been established that the duration of the experiments of 3.5 minutes is insufficient for an objective assessment of the productivity of the trier (W) and the degree of separation of the impurity component (C). During this time, W amounted to only 91.4% of the supply (Wp) of the grain mixture to the trier, and Sv did not exceed 70% due to the incompleteness of the stage of stabilization of the technological process. The descent variation coefficient was 18%. It is proposed to increase the duration of the experiments up to 20 min due to the multiple circulation of the working medium in a closed circuit when the scraper conveyor is included in the experimental equipment. Calculations confirmed the maximum multiplicity of circulation of the working medium, equal to 4.3, with a distributed mass of grain in a closed technological circuit of 332 kg. Based on the assumption of an increase in the cumulative total of residual contamination (R0) with the circulation of the working medium, the error in reproducing the conditions of experiments in terms of R0 will be 0.0027–0.008% over the entire range of initial contamination Rm = 1–3%. Sampling, according to the estimation of Zo, should be carried out every 120 s, and the estimated duration of sampling increases with a decrease in Wp and Zi in the range of 6-54 s. At the same time, the presence of 2-3 impurity particles in the sample is guaranteed when the trier operates at the optimal speed mode (nopt). The number of impurity particles in samples will increase at high speeds. It is proposed to paint impurity particles in contrasting colors (blue, black) to reduce the complexity of sampling.

Influence of the degree of ergot damage on the productivity elements of winter rye varieties

Under the conditions of the Kirov region in 2020-2022 there were studied 21 varieties of winter rye bred by Russian scientific institutions according to the nature of the relationship in the patho-system "Secale cereale L. – Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.". Under artificial inoculation of flowers with a suspension of the pathogen all the studied varieties were affected by ergot in the range from 3.17 (Graphite FP) to 34.69 % (Saratovskaya 10), with grain contamination with sclerotia – from 0.13 (Graphite FP, Quail) up to 1.87 % (Amber), which indicates their susceptibility to the disease. However, taking into account the signs of "damage by ergot", "contamination of grain with sclerotia" and "yield" for further breeding for ergot resistance, it is possible to recommend varieties Perepel, Lika and Graphite FP (bred by the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N. V. Rudnitsky. The influence of the genotype on the biometry of sclerotia has been revealed. This is indirectly evidenced by the significant variability of their parameters in different varieties of rye, which should be taken into account during the mechanical cleaning of grain. Using the Graphite variety as an example, a significant (P ≥ 095) decrease in the grain content and productivity of an ear has been established when more than two sclerotia are formed in it, and four sclerotia form 1000 grains. With an increase in their number to 11 pieces, this pattern remained unchanged, and the harmfulness of ergot reached 64.05 % (ear grain size), 79.60 % (ear productivity) and 46.32 % (grain size). In the process of regression analysis, it has been established that with an increase in infection of the ear by 1-2 sclerotia, the number of grains in the ear decreases by 4.96 pieces, the mass of grain per ear – by 0.26 g, the grain size – by 2.49 g. The similar calculations with a preliminary analysis of the degree of plant damage can be of prognostic value in assessing the potential harmfulness of ergot.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN THE FOREST STEPPE OF THE PRIOBYA

In the article, the authors presented the results of comprehensive studies in 2020 - 2022. on the study of different varieties of soybeans when grown up to granules. The experiments were carried out on heavy loamy grey forest soil with a humus content of 4.1% with a slight acid reaction of the medium (pH 6.28). The nitrate nitrogen concentration was 10 mg/100 g, mobile phosphorus 13.5 mg/100 g, and exchangeable potassium 8 mg/100 g. Different varieties of soybeans, according to their ecological and geographical origin, were sown in the third decade of May with a sowing rate of 500 thousand viable seeds per 1 ha, with harvesting in the third decade of September. The authors conducted phenological observations and determined the photosynthetic potential during the experimental work. The authors also determined the leaf areas of different soybean varieties, plant height, yield indicators and crop structure. The researchers noted that the accelerated growth and development rates occurred in the West Siberian types Omskaya 4, SibNIIK-315, Gorinskaya and Krasnoobskaya. Early maturing varieties of Far Eastern selection were distinguished by a long growing season of up to 120 days, with 85 days in Siberian varieties: Omskaya 4, Far Eastern selection Alena, and Kuban selection (Barguzin, Puma, Vita, Lira, Sayana). The authors observed a significant increase in yield to the standard in the Omskaya 4 - 21% variety. On the other hand, types of the Far Eastern and Kuban selection showed grain yield indicators 2–5 times lower than the SibNIIK-315 standard. The high parameters of the crop structure in the Siberian variety Omskaya 4 were determined by the number of beans from one plant and the mass of grains from one plant.

Sensor-cable-probe and sampler for early detection and prediction of dry matter loss and real-time corn grain quality in transport and storage

Taking into account that the transport of grains can be carried out over long distances and that the mass of grains during transport often has high moisture content, there may be risks of heat and moisture transfer and heating of the grains mass, proving quanti-qualitative losses. Thus, this study aimed to validate a method with probe system for real-time monitoring of temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide in the grain mass of corn during transport and storage to detect early dry matter losses and predict possible changes on the grain physical quality. The equipment consisted of a microcontroller, system's hardware, digital sensors to detect air temperature and relative humidity, a non-destructive infrared sensor to detect CO2 concentration. Real-time monitoring system determined early and satisfactorily in an indirect way the changes in the physical quality of the grains confirming by the physical analyses of electrical conductivity and germination. The equipment in real-time monitoring and the application of Machine Learning was effective to predict dry matter loss, due to the high equilibrium moisture content and respiration of the grain mass on the 2-h period. All machine learning models, except support vector machine, obtained satisfactory results, equaling the multiple linear regression analysis.

Vegetative and productive characteristics of soybean under doses of boron and inoculation of Trichoderma atroviride

The application of new management techniques with the objective of implementing in agriculture, such as the use of growth-promoting and/or plant-protecting microorganisms and micronutrients, appears as an alternative. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of Trichoderma atroviride in association with doses of B, analyzing the effects on nutritional contents, yield components and productivity. The study was carried out in the field, in a randomized block design in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, whose treatments were combined, consisting of foliar application of T. atroviride in three phenological stages (V5, R1 and R5) and no application (SEM), and five doses of B (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 g ha-1). The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and, when significant, the study of polynomial regression and Tukey’s test was carried out, followed by Pearson’s linear correlation analysis (p < 0.05). The use of the microorganism and doses of B did not result in a significant increase in the growth and productive yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), but the application of the micronutrient significantly increased the number of pods per plant and the foliar content of B. Positive correlations were observed between plant height and pod insertion height (r = 0.51***), pod with branches (r = 0.68***), grains with branches and pod (r = 0.69*** and 0.95*** respectively), as well as a negative correlation between 100-grain mass and plant height (r = -0.24*), and a non-correlation for yield and leaf content of B.

Agro-morphological assessment of three alternative grain legume crops

The grain legume crops are an important component of agricultural biodiversity and food security, because of the rich protein food and fodder, and a source of income. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the agro-morphological diversity of three alternative grain legume crops (Cicer arietinum L., Lathyrus sp. L. and Vicia ervilia L.) and to select the best accessions with a high yield potential. The assessment of the agro-morphological traits was performed according to the International Descriptors’ of each crop. High variation for Lathyrus sp. L. accessions was observed in the following agronomic traits: plant height, height to the first pod, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, mass of grains per plant and mass of 100 grains; for Cicer arietinum L. - number of grains per plant and mass of grains per plant and for Vicia ervilia L. - height to the first pod, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and mass of grains per plant. The variability of quantitative traits has shown a high genetic diversity in the evaluated accessions from alternative grain legume collections. The group of early grasspea accessions embraced twelve accessions. Three local chickpea populations had the shortest vegetative period from 86.7 days. Two bitter vetch accessions from the early group possessed positive yield traits. Based on the results obtained from this study, the best accessions were selected, for example: from Cicer arietinum L. - seven accessions; from Lathyrus sp. L. – five accessions and from Vicia ervilia L. – five accessions. According to these results, it can be concluded that the best accessions will be used for the next experimental trials and will be recommended to all interested researchers, breeders and farmers.

The Use of DArTseq Technology to Identify Markers Related to the Heterosis Effects in Selected Traits in Maize

Spectacular scientific advances in the area of molecular biology and the development of modern biotechnological tools have had a significant impact on the development of maize heterosis breeding. One technology based on next-generation sequencing is DArTseq. The plant material used for the research consisted of 13 hybrids resulting from the crossing of inbred maize lines. A two-year field experiment was established at two Polish breeding stations: Smolice and Łagiewniki. Nine quantitative traits were observed: cob length, cob diameter, core length, core diameter, number of rows of grain, number of grains in a row, mass of grain from the cob, weight of one thousand grains, and yield. The isolated DNA was subjected to DArTseq genotyping. Association mapping was performed using a method based on the mixed linear model. A total of 81602 molecular markers (28571 SNPs and 53031 SilicoDArTs) were obtained as a result of next-generation sequencing. Out of 81602, 15409 (13850 SNPs and 1559 SilicoDArTs) were selected for association analysis. The 105 molecular markers (8 SNPs and 97 SilicoDArTs) were associated with the heterosis effect of at least one trait in at least one environment. A total of 186 effects were observed. The number of statistically significant relationships between the molecular marker and heterosis effect varied from 8 (for cob length) and 9 (for yield) to 42 (for the number of rows of grain). Of particular note were three markers (2490222, 2548691 and 7058267), which were significant in 17, 8 and 6 cases, respectively. Two of them (2490222 and 7058267) were associated with the heterosis effects of yield in three of the four environments.

Structure of maize yield depending on the fertilizer system in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest Steppe

Aim. the research was to determine the manifestation of the influence of individual components of the corn crop structure on the formation of grain yield under the influence of weather conditions and fertilization systems. Methods. The research was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment of the Department of Agrochemistry and Soil Science of the Uman National University of Horticulture on podzolized heavy loam chernozem. The mass of 1000 grains was determined according to DSTU 4138-2000. Analysis of the structure of the harvest according to the "Methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops". Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the yield of corn increased by 25–39 % under the mineral fertilization system, 25–53 % organic, and 28–59 % organic-mineral, depending on the doses of fertilizers. The dependences of the fertilization system on the indicators of the structure of the corn crop are clarified and those that change the most under the influence of the factors of intensification of the cultivation technology are singled out. Under the influence of fertilizer, the biometric parameters of the cob increased by 4–10 %, and the number of grain rows increased by 0,3–1,7 pieces. The variability of these signs was weak (V = 5 %). The number of grains in a cob significantly increased under the influence of fertilizer– by 5–20 % with the average variability of the trait – V=11 %. The mass of grain from the cob varied reliably depending on weather conditions and fertilizer doses in the range from 100,9 to 226,2 g with a very high coefficient of variation – 25,3 %. Conclusions. Correlational dependences were revealed and a strong closeness between structure indicators and corn grain yield was established. It was established that the correlation coefficient between grain yield and cob length was r = 0,94, the number of grain rows – r = 0,84, and the weight of grain from one cob – r = 0,99. The obtained data can be used to optimize the fertilization system and the structure of corn crops in the Right Bank Forest Steppe depending on weather conditions.

Experience in the Cultivation of a New Perennial Cereal Crop—Trititrigia in the Conditions of South of the Rostov Region

The article presents the research results on the cultivation of a new perennial cereal crop of winter wheat hybrid and wheatgrass—perennial winter wheat (Trititrigia) of the “Pamyati Lyubimovoy” variety (hereinafter—Trititrigia) in the southern zone of the Rostov region over two years. The purpose of the research is to assess the degree of suitability for the use of a new perennial cereal crop—Trititrigia in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The yield, technological indicators of grain, and baking properties of flour were taken as evaluation criteria. The study of all aspects of Trititrigia cultivation was carried out in comparative sowings with winter wheat of the Stanichnaya variety, common in the Rostov region, of the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (ARC Donskoy). As a result of the research, it was found that the average biological yield of Trititrigia in the southern zone of the Rostov region in two years was 4.28 t ha−1, which was 1.57 t ha−1 less than that of the control sowing of winter wheat of the Stanichnaya variety. The weight of the straw part with an ear of Trititrigia is 1.9 times higher than that of winter wheat of the “Stanichnaya” variety. Technological indicators of the quality of Trititrigia grain corresponded to the first class in terms of amount of protein (more than 19%), gluten (33.34%), and falling number (274 s); the third class according to the gluten deformation index (GDI) (81.5 points); the fifth class according to the natural mass of grain (691 g L−1). The general baking evaluation of Trititrigia grain allowed it to be classified as valuable wheat.