該預印本的目標，是基於現代心理生存理論，嘗試建立一個跨領域的整合框架，並邀請教育、心理、醫學等領域的學者共同參與，完善這一框架的理論與應用。我希望這一理論能為教育、法律、醫療等領域提供新的理解基礎，推動心理學與相關領域的深度結合，從而促進人類文明的進一步包容與進步。 我理解，這一理論框架尚處於早期階段，仍需要大量實踐驗證與修正，才能獲得更多專家的認可與支持。然而，我相信其核心理念具有一定的學術價值與實踐意義，特別是在整合心理學各分支理論，解釋多樣性行為與人格發展等方面，提供了新的視角與工具。 自本篇文章發布後，我期待與各領域專家共同合作，針對理論框架進行改進與應用，並在未來逐步發展為一部具有系統性與實用性的心理學教科書。 如果您有興趣共同完成本書的內容，請寄一封自薦信至 （a92922200@gmail.com）。期待與您相遇！ 本作品依據「創用CC- 姓名標示-非商業性 - 禁止改作4.0國際（CC BY-NC-ND 4.0）」授權。如需進一步使用或進行商業合作，請聯繫原作者（a92922200@gmail.com）以獲取正式授權。如需了解更多授權條款，請參閱 創用CC BY-NC-ND 4.0授權條款。 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Background: Recent models of the development of adolescent psychopathology emphasize the dynamic interplay between substance use and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Importantly, this interplay may be moderated by known risk factors of substance use and internalizing/externalizing symptoms, particularly impaired working memory capacity and high-risk taking behavior. However, thus far studies into the temporal symptom/substance use dynamics were not designed to test moderation of this dynamic interplay. To fill this critical gap, the present study introduces a novel adaptation of the cross-lagged panel network approach (CLPN) for identifying interaction effects between outside factors and cross-lagged estimates. We use this moderated CLPN approach (mCLPN) to examine how working memory and risk-taking moderate the temporal associations between substance use and internalizing and externalizing symptoms.Methods: Using data from the IMAGEN study (N = 1,364), we tested how working memory and risk-taking at age 14 moderated temporal associations between internalizing/externalizing symptoms and substance use over two years (ages 14 → 16). Results: Alcohol use showed reciprocal associations with externalizing symptoms and predicted heavier tobacco and cannabis use at age 16. Externalizing symptoms at age 14 predicted more externalizing symptoms and substance use at age 16. Poor working memory and high risk-taking moderated the temporal associations between both symptom domains and substance use. When risk-taking was high, the link between internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 14 and cannabis use at age 16 was stronger.Conclusions: These findings highlight cognitive risk factors in the substance use/ symptom dynamics and illustrate the value of the moderated CLPN approach in clinical-developmental science.Keywords: executive functioning; cross-lagged panel network; substance use; internalizing symptoms; externalizing symptoms

This protocols is part of the ANU Biosecurity mini-research project #1 "Plant Pathogen Diagnostics: Visuals, subcultures, and genomics". You will be provided four pots of 3-4 week old wheat plants that have been infected with different wheat pathogens. Each pot has been infected with one major pathogen. You will not know which pot has been infected with which pathogen. However, you will be provided a compendium of 10-15 wheat pathogens that will guide you to identify the infective agent for each treatment group. The fifth treatment group will be uninfected wheat plants which will be clearly identified. You can use treatment group #5 as negative control for your experiments. In total, each group will obtain five pots each: This specific protocol is a step by step guide to perform PCR reactions on the extracted DNA samples of the five TG. The PCR reaction target conserved marker regions (a.k.a. metabarcodes) for bacteria and fungi. These primers are designed to amplify "all" bacteria and fungi in the sample. The simplified idea of metabarcodes is that one can amplify a region that is conserved enough to generate primers that allow one to amplify this region from "all" members of the kindgom somewhat representatively. Within the amplicon though there are hypervariable DNA regions that are diagnostic to different between species or genera. Matching these amplicons against a databases let's one identify the organism of this specific kingdom present in the sample. At least this is the simple theory, however as you will see in the lectures there are many issues and biases to consider when applying these techniques in general and specifically to pathogen diagnostics for biosecurity purposes. The final goal is to achieve the following: To measure and adjust DNA concentration for each sample to allow for equal amount of DNA being added to each PCR reaction. Perform PCR reaction for the bacterial and fungal kingdom metabarcode using published 16S and ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) primers. Cross the fingers it all works well. This protocol is applicable for week 4. Protocols progress overview: Week 4 PCR reaction for 16S and ITS. You will measure double stranded DNA concentration with a dye based method. Here the dye binds to double stranded DNA only and this will change the fluorescent of the dye in a way directly proportional to the DNA concentration. You will use the pre-mixed broad range dye kit https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/Q32853. The primers are as follows: ITS: For the ITS PCR reactions primers are called ITSFor and ITSRev. These are based on White et. al., 1989 and Ohta, Nishi, Hirota and Matsuo, 2023. Their sequences are as follows. ITSFor (a.k.a. ITS1-F_KYO2): 5'-TAGAGGAASTAAAAGTCGTAA-3' ITSRev (a.k.a.LR6): 5'-CGCCAGTTCTGCTTACC-3' The expected amplicon size is around 2 to 3 kb (kilobase pairs). 16S: For the 16S PCR reactions primers are called 16SFor and 16SRev. These are based on Wuyts et. al., 2002, Baker et. al., 2003, and Youssef et. al., 2009. 16SFor (a.k.a. 27F, E8F, or E8Fa): 5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3' 16SRev (a.k.a. 1492R): 5'-ACCTTGTTACGACTT-3' The expected amplicon size is around 1.5 kb. Importantly, these 16S primers also partially bind and amplify 16S regions found in plant mitochondria and chloroplast. In research settings (not here in the teaching prac), the amplification of the plant 16S region can be suppressed with sequence specific probes called PNAs (Peptide mediated Nucleic Acids) https://www.pnabio.com/products/PCR_blocker.htm. We regularly would use PNAs for the 16S PCR reactions based on Lundberg et a. 2013.

This study examines the implications of the 2024 U.S. presidential election's political transition on educational policy, with a particular focus on international student mobility, institutional autonomy, and educational equity. Using a mixed-methods approach combining policy document analysis, theoretical framework synthesis, and institutional case studies, the research analyzes data from educational institutions, government policies, and international student enrollment statistics (2022-2024). Findings reveal significant tensions between federal policy directives and institutional autonomy, particularly in curriculum development and international student programs. The study documents that international students contribute $40 billion to the U.S. economy, yet face potential disruption from policy shifts. Educational institutions demonstrate adaptive strategies for maintaining educational quality and access amid political transitions. This research presents the first comprehensive analysis of educational policy implications following the 2024 political transition, offering novel insights into institutional resilience strategies and international education sustainability. The findings provide actionable frameworks for educational leaders navigating political changes while maintaining institutional integrity and educational equity.

This protocols is part of the ANU Biosecurity mini-research project #1 "Plant Pathogen Diagnostics: Visuals, subcultures, and genomics". You will be provided four pots of 3-4 week old wheat plants that have been infected with different wheat pathogens. Each pot has been infected with one major pathogen. You will not know which pot has been infected with which pathogen. However, you will be provided a compendium of 10-15 wheat pathogens that will guide you to identify the infective agent for each treatment group. The fifth treatment group will be uninfected wheat plants which will be clearly identified. You can use treatment group #5 as negative control for your experiments. In total, each group will obtain five pots each: This specific protocol is a step by step guide to assess DNA quality via agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis lets you assess the size of DNA molecules. In addition, you can estimate DNA concentrations and impurities of RNA. During agarose gel electrophoresis DNA gets linearised. Larger molecules take longer to migrate through the gel when migration is driven by a electric potential at the specific pH of the buffer. When running a standard DNA ladder with bands of known molecular size, one can compare the DNA size of ones DNA or PCR sample with the known standards. The final goal is to achieve the following: To assess DNA length of molecules in total DNA stock samples and for all PCR reactions. To approximately estimate relative DNA concentrations. To test if negative PCR controls did not amplify anything as appropriate. To test if whole DNA extracts contain RNA in addition to DNA. Select samples from three research groups to be sequenced in the practical of week 6. This protocol is applicable for week 5. Protocols progress overview: Week 5 Run a 1% Agarose Gel electrophoresis for all samples of each research group. Some useful explainers and resources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846332/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarose_gel_electrophoresis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDZUAleWX78

This protocols is part of the ANU Biosecurity mini-research project #1 "Plant Pathogen Diagnostics: Visuals, subcultures, and genomics". You will be provided four pots of 3-4 week old wheat plants that have been infected with different wheat pathogens. Each pot has been infected with one major pathogen. You will not know which pot has been infected with which pathogen. However, you will be provided a compendium of 10-15 wheat pathogens that will guide you to identify the infective agent for each treatment group. The fifth treatment group will be uninfected wheat plants which will be clearly identified. You can use treatment group #5 as negative control for your experiments. In total, each group will obtain five pots each: This specific protocol describes the molecular biology and a step-by-step guide for PCR barcoding of the 16S and ITS regions using primers that contain barcodes, followed by ligation based amplicon sequencing with Nanopore. The initial steps of repeated PCR with high-fidelity polymerase and purification of the PCR amplicons has been performed by your demonstrator due to time limitations. We selected DNA samples of three research groups in week 5 so that we have three replicates per treatment group. This gives us 2x (16S and ITS) 15 PCR reactions plus 1 negative control. We skip the extraction control for this practical mini-research project. This is step 1 of the protocol. The three groups selected in week 5 will collaborate to perform the library preparation on the two PCR barcoded and equimolar pooled amplicons (16S and ITS). Most of the class need not be present for this library preparation [Step 2] but will join in for loading the final library and starting sequencing runs. We will also explain more about the theory during the lab. This protocol is applicable for week 6. Conceptual overview: Repeat PCR reactions on the samples of three research groups using primers containing barcodes in them (see below). Clean and pool amplicons at equimolar ratios. End-prep the pooled amplicons to make them ready to ligate sequencing adapters. Ligate sequencing adaptars with DNA ligase. Make amplicon library ready for loading. Prepare for loading onto the flowcell. Prime flowcell to make it ready for loading. Load library. Start of sequencing run. Basecall during or after the sequencing run. You can cite this protocol in the methods section of your report as for all other protocols. No need to write it all up again :). Primers used: We used ITS and 16S primers that directly include DNA barcodes as follows, where N15-16 represents a unique barcode sequence ITSFor (a.k.a. ITS1-F_KYO2_BARCODE): 5'-N15-16-TAGAGGAASTAAAAGTCGTAA-3' ITSRev (a.k.a.LR6_BARCODE): 5'-N15-16-CGCCAGTTCTGCTTACC-3' 16SFor (a.k.a. 27F_BARCODE): 5'-N15-16-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3' 16SRev (a.k.a. 1492R_BARCODE): 5'-N15-16-ACCTTGTTACGACTT-3'

Previous studies have reported automatic approach-avoidance tendencies toward various stimuli such as words, face expressions, and images in the appetitive or aversive valence domain. This work investigates whether self-relevant evaluative feedback affects theses behavioral tendencies using a touchscreen-based approach and avoidance task, in which participants responded to two-colored fish icons either by swiping down or by push away. Evaluative feedback on participants' personality traits provided by the fish served as a task-irrelevant feature. A pronounced valence-congruence effect for positive feedback relative to negative feedback was observed. Interestingly, higher social desirability ratings of social feedback were associated with faster RTs for approach trials and slower RTs for avoidance trials. Personality traits were associated with approach tendencies and avoidance tendencies: higher BFNE scores predicted a slower approach for both positive and negative feedback compared to neutral feedback, whereas higher depression symptoms predicted faster avoidance of negative feedback. This study demonstrates automatic approach and avoidance tendencies toward self-relevant social feedback, indicating a behavioral predisposition that may be automatically triggered by social feedback. Additionally, this study lays the groundwork for the development of touchscreen-based approach-avoidance tasks for measuring individual differences in the sensitivity of social feedback information and the strength of behavioral predispositions.

Despite its key role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of anxiety disorders, the detailed mechanisms of human avoidance learning remain elusive. To contribute to the understanding of avoidance learning, we here report on a novel approach-avoidance conflict task that requires participants to learn associations between complex visual stimuli and combined appetitive and aversive stimuli while actively engaging with the experimental environment. Using an agent-based behavioral modeling approach, we implemented and validated an extensive set of control, heuristic, Rescorla-Wagner learning-based, and hybrid agents. We show that a Rescorla-Wagner learning-based agent with a prior expectation bias parameter best explains the learning behavior of 50 participants. As such, our work complements current research on the computational underpinnings of approach-avoidance behavior by showing paradigm and task instruction dependencies in approach-avoidance-relevant associative learning and contributes to the overall aim of achieving a more fine-grained understanding of the etiology of anxiety disorders.

Intervention Mapping (IM) is a theory- and evidence-based framework allowing to develop, implement, and evaluate an intervention in public health. The current paper presents a practical step-by-step guide of the second step of IM, which translates the needs assessment findings into specific objectives aiming at changing health behaviours and/or environmental conditions. This includes: (1) Stating the programme outcomes; (2) Listing the performance objectives; (3) Selecting the sub-determinants; and (4) Creating a matrix of change objectives. In addition, intervention developers may benefit from the listed open tools that may be used in each stage to address the identified needs and achieve meaningful health outcomes.