Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Guegan J-F, Suzan G, Kati-Coulibaly S, Bonpamgue DN, Moatti J-P. Sustainable Development Goal #3, “health and well-being”, and the need for more integrative thinking. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2018;5(2). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.5.2.443 . Recently, the United-Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals for the 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 “Ensuring a healthy life and promoting well-being for all ages” is one of the most transversal goals, which is interconnected with the other SDGs. The health and well-being are the aim of this goal and also, they are the result of other goals that empower people to develop better in different social, economic and productive areas. The SDG 3 is a multiple and universal resource on which sustainable development policies can be based, in particular for the most needed countries, and can lead to the sustainable maintenance of well-being and health. However, SDG 3 faces a high sectorization, so there is a risk of not being able to achieve the stated objectives. Only a national and international reflection on human population and animal health surveillance devices, environmental health, implementation of appropriate indicators and specific research funding will ensure the balance between the legitimacy of society’s demands and the needs of scientific and medical excellence. The health and well-being indicators that are needed to achieve the agenda goals are based on reliable and relevant quantitative data, which are currently rare or even non-existent in some regions. Therefore, it is now necessary to initiate a more integrative international animal and public health and research strategy in order to collect new data, particularly those relating to current emerging infectious diseases that affect public and animal health, especially in developing countries. Figure 1. (a) Simplified representation of the relationships between the environment and its different ecological and biogeographic components, depending on the distribution and abundance of infectious diseases and their hosts (vectors and/or reservoirs), and to the individual and family income. The form and severity of infections interact with the income by introducing a complex dynamic between these two parameters.

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Barron-Rodriguez RJ, Chavez-Maya F, Loza-Rubio E, Garcia-Espinosa G. Isolation and characterization of influenza A virus (H6N2) from a temporary artificial pond in Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2018;5(2). doi: 10.21753/5.2.475. . Most epidemiological surveillance studies of the influenza A virus (IAV) have focused on the isolation and detection of the virus in wild birds. However, there are limited descriptions of both the wild duck population and the purpose and size of the aquatic habitats where viruses have been detected or isolated. The objective of this study was to determine if a pond of 16 hectares (39.536 acres), used for agricultural and fishing purposes and visited by approximately 9000 wild migratory ducks consisting of nine different species during the wintering stay, is suitable to support the isolation of IAV. One influenza A virus was isolated from Pekin ducks used as sentinels during the wintering stay season from September 2007 to March 2008. Only one IAV subtype was isolated from 9 of the 88 samples collected from the sentinel ducks over seven months, and the molecular characterization of this isolate revealed an H6N2 virus subtype. Based on this information, it is suggested that a pond such as the one in this study provides a suitable biological setting to support the presence of IAV, but the minimum biological environment to isolate the influenza A virus is still unknown. Figure 1. Location of the artificial pond in the State of Mexico with 19°24’22” N, 99°41’36” W coordinates and the routes of migratory birds in America (Google Earth).

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Turral Ramirez MM, Cordova Ponce R, Gonzalez Ruiz C, Castaneda Aceves G, Marin Flamand E, Garrido Farina G, Ramirez Alvarez H. First identification of Herpesvirus infections among endemic and exotic psittacines in Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2017;4(4). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.4.4.469 . The illegal trafficking of exotic birds such as parrots is now the third most lucrative business in the world and has been a problem for several years. As a result of this trafficking, there has been an increase in the emergence of exotic diseases. Herpesvirus is a pathogen of psittacines that has not been identified in Mexico to date. Through the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and pathological analyses, the present study demonstrates the presence of herpesvirus in endemic and exotic psittacines in Mexico. The study was based on 50 birds, with clinical signs of herpervirus infection, and 45 clinically healthy birds. DNA samples were obtained from proctodaeal cells of the healthy birds, collected through the use of an enema; additionally, the liver, kidneys, brain, large intestines, and lungs of five birds exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of herpesvirus infection, were collected and fixed in buffered formalin for histopathological examination. PCR assays revealed herpesvirus infection in 8 clinically healthy birds, including four exotic species, and one endemic species. On necropsy, four of the five birds with clinical signs of herpesvirus infection showed lesions caused by herpesvirus, and the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in various tissues. Thus, these results demonstrate that there is a high risk of herpesvirus infection in endemic Mexican psittacines, which could significantly impact the health of these populations. Figure 5. a) Liver with mononuclear infiltrate (MNI) (100× magnification). The image shows the parenchyma at the interstitial level with a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the presence of lymphocytes (L), plasma cells (P), and macrophages (MO). b) Liver with necrosis and mononuclear infiltrate (40× magnification). Zones of coagulative necrosis (N) delimited by the inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate (arrow) are evident. c) Kidney with necrosis and mononuclear infiltrate (10× magnification). Renal parenchyma with extensive areas of coagulative necrosis (N) between the cortex and the medulla were observed. These areas were characterized by a marked loss of architecture and cellular detail and were delimited by mononuclear inflammatory cells (arrows). d) Necrotic intestine (100× magnification). The intestine developed severe coagulative necrosis (N) throughout the mucosa. Additionally, inflammatory infiltrates of mononuclear cells were observed near the basal membrane of the mucosa (arrows).

Bovine tuberculosis is a complex disease that is difficult to diagnose, control and eradicate and negatively impacts many farms. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of concordance between the results of histopathological examination and bacterial culture in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis lesions obtained in the laboratories certified by the Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentacion (Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Production, Rural Development, Fisheries and Feeding) at the national level between January 2009 and December 2012 in Mexico. Tissue samples (10,818) from regular slaughter cattle that did not have tuberculin tests but had lesions suspected of having been caused by tuberculosis were sent to 10 authorized laboratories. Using Cohen’s kappa to measure the reliability of the diagnosis, a general concordance was obtained between the histopathological examination and bacterial culture results with a kappa of 0.634 and a 95% (0.618 – 0.650) confidence interval (CI), which shows good concordance between the two techniques at the national level. The laboratory in Chihuahua had the highest kappa [k=0.784, 95% CI (0.754–0.814)] and the laboratory of the La Laguna Region in the state of Coahuila had a low value of global concordance [k= 0.334, 95% CI (0.257–0.412)]. The number of positive samples in bacterial culture was low in Tamaulipas (21 samples), Sonora (41 samples), and Yucatan (45 samples) because tuberculosis prevalence in those states is ≤ 0.04%. The reason for the disagreement between the two tests among some laboratories includes factors such as a lack of economic resources, infrastructure or personnel training. Correct sampling procedures, storage facilities, and shipping and sample processes are important in optimizing the bacteriological and histopathological results and obtaining correct diagnoses and differential diagnoses of bovine tuberculosis.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Partida-de-la-Peña JA, Casaya-Rodríguez TA, Rubio-Lozano MS, Méndez-Medina RD. Effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride on the carcass characteristics of Katahdin lamb terminal crosses. Veterinaria México OA. 2015;2(2). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.2.2.346.Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation (0 vs. 0.15 mg/kg live weight) was evaluated based on the carcass characteristics of Katahdin x Charollais (32 KCh) and Katahdin x Dorper (28 KD) crosses. Lambs were fed a mixed ration with 14% crude protein (CP) and 2.9 Mcal EM/kg DM. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design: 2 genotypes (KCh and KD) and 2 ZH levels (0 and 0.15 mg/kg live weight). No interaction was found between ZH and the genotypes. Zilpaterol hydrochloride increased dressing percentage from 52.1 ± 0.3 to 53.7 ± 0.4% (P < 0.001). Animals that received ZH supplementation increased (P < 0.001) the area of their Longissimus dorsi (Ld) by 18.5% and had 7.5% more muscle, 6.0% less bone and 22.4% less fat compared with control lambs (P < 0.05). The breed of the sire had no effect on any of the variables studied. Final pH, fat thickness, conformation and linear carcass measurements did not change with ZH supplementation.Figure 1. Separation of the left shoulder [normalized method defined by Boccard and Dumont (1955) and modified by Colomer-Rocher et al., (1988)].

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cómo citar este artículo:Sánchez-Godoy FD, Chávez-Maya F, Méndez-Bernal A, García-Espinosa G, Guerrero-Molina C, Ledesma-Martínez N, et al. Sarcocystis sp. en zanates (Quiscalus mexicanus), tordos (Molothrus aeneus) y gorriones (Aimophila ruficauda) de México. Veterinaria México OA. 2014;1(2). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.1.2.336.El objetivo es describir las características morfológicas, ultraestructurales, la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, el patrón de polimorfismo de longitud de fragmentos de restricción (PCR-RFLP), la secuencia y el análisis filogenético de un fragmento del espacio de transcripción interno (ITS-1). Para ello se usaron los iniciadores 25/396 de Sarcocystis sp. detectados en el músculo de zanates, tordos y gorriones de México. Se estudiaron 15 aves con sarcocistosis en el músculo esquelético: siete zanates (Quiscalus mexicanus), seis tordos (Molothrus aeneus) y dos gorriones (Aimophila ruficauda). En la histopatología se observaron quistes parasitarios maduros de pared delgada. Ultraestructuralmente la pared de los quistes consiste de una capa granular con protrusiones “vilares” con microtúbulos. Los bradizoitos miden 4.1 X 1.6 µm y los micronemas aparecieron en el tercio anterior del conoide. Para la identificación molecular, se realizó PCR-RFLP utilizando un fragmento específico del ITS-1 amplificado con los iniciadores 25/396 y digerido con la enzima Hinf I. El fragmento no presentó sitio de corte para Hind III. Las secuencias obtenidas de Sarcocystis de las tres diferentes especies de aves presentaron una similitud de 100% entre ellas; cuando estas secuencias se compararon con la base de datos (GenBank) se encontró 96% de similitud con secuencias de S. neurona. El análisis filogenético mostró que las secuencias en estudio presentaron una topología distinta a las secuencias consignadas para S. neurona en los Estados Unidos de América y en América del Sur, y no estaban relacionadas con ningún grupo previamente reportado. Aunque la morfología y el análisis molecular sugieren ampliamente, que se trata de S. neurona y que estas aves pueden ser huéspedes intermediarios de estos parásitos, es necesario llevar a cabo estudios moleculares con fragmentos de DNA adicionales, combinados con pruebas biológicas, para identificar por completo a este parásito. Este es el primer reporte de Sarcocystis sp. en aves silvestres en México y podría tratarse de S. neurona.Figura 1. Músculo esquelético de muslo y pierna con abundante cantidad de estructuras parasitarias de Sarcocystis (flechas). Los quistes son de color blanco, ondulados y están orientados sobre el eje longitudinal del músculo.

EL OBJETIVO DEL TRABAJO FUE ANALIZAR LOS CAMBIOS COMO EL INCREMENTO DE PESO CORPORAL, RELACION CARNE-HUESO-GRASA, PESO DE LA CARCAZA, INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR Y NIVELES SANGUINEOS DE TRIYODOTIROXINA, INDUCIDOS POR LA OVARIECTOMIA. SE REALIZARON DOS EXPERIMENTOS DIFERENTES, EN DISTINTOS CAMPOS DE ARGENTINA: A) VACAS JOVENES Y B) VACAS VIEJAS. CADA GRUPO EXPERIMENTAL FUE DIVIDIDO AL AZAR EN DOS, CASTRADAS Y TESTIGOS, MANTENIDOS AMBOS EN IDENTICAS CONDICIONES DE MANEJO. LA CASTRACION SE REALIZO CON LA TECNICA TRANSVAGINAL DE DUTTO. EN TODOS LOS GRUPOS EXPERIMENTALES SE MIDIO LA HORMONA TRIYODOTIROXINA EN SANGRE, EL AUMENTO DE PESO CORPORAL Y LA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO DEL TRATAMIENTO. EN B SE MIDIO, ADEMAS, PROGESTERONA SANGUINEA, RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL, RELACION CARNE-HUESO-GRASA E INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN MASA MUSCULAR. SE OBSERVO AUMENTO DE LA GANANCIA DE PESO CORPORAL EN VACAS CASTRADAS JOVENES (A), MIENTRAS QUE NO HUBO DIFERENCIAS ENTRE CASTRADAS Y TESTIGOS EN VACAS VIEJAS (B). EN EL EXPERIMENTO B HUBO MAYOR RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL, MENOR INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR EN LAS CASTRADAS RESPECTO DE LAS TESTIGO. EN TODOS LOS EXPERIMENTOS AUMENTO LA TRIYODOTIROXINA EN LAS CASTRADAS Y FUE POSITIVA LA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO. EN CONCLUSION, LA OVARIECTOMIA AUMENTA LOS VALORES DE TRIYODOTIROXINA Y TIENE UNA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO FAVORABLE. EN VACAS JOVENES MEJORA LA GANANCIA DE PESO CORPORAL. EN VACAS VIEJAS MEJORA EL RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL Y DISMINUYE LA INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR.

IN ORDER TO CORROBORATE THE EFFECT OF A CITRUS BY-PRODUCT ON WEIGHT AND SERUM LIPIDS, 80 WINTERING HALF-BRED ZEBU COWS MAINTAINED ON NATIVE GRASSLAND WERE USED. FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS, 20 ANIMALS OPERATED AS CONTROLS (C) AND ANOTHER 20 WERE SUPPLEMENTED (S) WITH FRESH CITRUS PULP (15 ± 3 KG/ANIMAL, DURING 4 MONTHS). PERIODIC CONTROLS WERE CARRIED OUT AT 0, 30, 60, 90 AND 120 DAYS. THE OBTAINED VALUES WERE STATISTICALLY PROCESSED USING A REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN WITH MEAN COMPARISONS BY ORTHOGONAL CONTRASTS. WHEN COMPARING WITH C, FINAL STATISTICS FOR EVERY YEAR INDICATED THAT S REGISTERED HIGHER LEVELS (P VS 2.70 AND 3.32 VS 2.15 MMOL/L), LIPOPROTEIN a (89.2 VS 82.7 AND 90.0 VS 85.1%), HDL-C (2.31 VS 1.79 AND 2.41 VS 1.58 MMOL/L), AND TRIGLYCERIDES (0.55 VS 0.42 AND 0.45 VS 0.35 MMOL/L), AS WELL AS MAJOR WEIGHT GAINS (492 VS 304 AND 352 VS LOSS OF 73 G/ANIMAL/DAY). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN C AND S BEGAN TO BE SIGNIFICANT BY DAYS 60-90 OF THE STUDY. CITRUS PULP ENERGETIC SUPPLY DID NOT CAUSE UNDESIRABLE SECONDARY EFFECTS, BUT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LIPID PROFILE WAS MODIFIED IN SUPPLEMENTED COWS.

PRIMIPAROUS SOWS WEANED ON DAY 10 POST-FARROWING WERE USED IN TWO EXPERIMENTS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE TWO STRATEGIES OF GONADOTROPIN APPLICATION ON: DURATION OF WEANING-ESTRUS INTERVAL (WEI), DURATION OF ESTRUS (DE), PERCENT OF SOWS IN ESTRUS BEFORE DAY 7 POSTWEANING (EPW), PREGNANCY RATE IN SYNCHRONIZED ESTRUS (PRE), PREGNANCY RATE IN ALL SERVICES (TPR), NUMBER OF PIGLETS BORN ALIVE (PBA), NUMBER OF TOTAL PIGLETS BORN (TPB), NUMBER OF FOLLICLES ON DAY 7 POSTWEANING (SMALL: SF; MEDIUM: MF, AND, LARGE: LF), NUMBER OF CORPORA HEMORRHAGICA (CH), NUMBER OF CORPORA LUTEA (CL), AND NUMBER OF OVULATIONS (ON). TREATMENTS USED IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS WERE: CONTROL (C; SALINE SOLUTION), SIMULTANEOUS GONADOTROPIN (SG; 1 200 UI OF ECG 500 UI OF HCG 24 H POSTWEANING) AND DIFFERED GONADOTROPIN (DG; 1 200 UI OF ECG 24 H POSTWEANING 500 UI OF HCG 96 H POSTWEANING). ESTRUS WAS DETECTED 4 TIMES/DAY, AND BOARS MOUNTED SOWS AT LEAST TWICE. IN EXPERIMENT 1, THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY WAS CARRIED OUT ON DAY 35 POSTWEANING (ULTRASOUND). IN EXPERIMENT 2, SOWS WERE SACRIFICED ON DAY 7 POST-SERVICE. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS WERE COLLECTED FOR COUNTING AND MEASURING OVARIAN STRUCTURES AND FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS. IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS, PERCENTAGE OF EPW WAS HIGHER IN SG AND DG THAN IN C (SAME ORDER FOR EXPERIMENT 1: 94.7, 90.0, 65.0, AND EXPERIMENT 2: 100, 100, 71.4) WHILE PERCENTAGE OF PRE WAS LOWER IN SG COMPARED WITH DG AND C (EXPERIMENT 1: 50.0, 88.9 AND 84.6, AND EXPERIMENT 2: 12.5, 100 AND 100, RESPECTIVELY). TPR (%) TENDED TO BE HIGHER FOR DG THAN FOR C, AND WAS LOWER IN SG THAN IN THE OTHER TWO GROUPS (RESPECTIVELY FOR EXPERIMENT 1: 80.0, 55.0 AND 47.4; AND EXPERIMENT 2: 100.0, 71.4 AND 12.5). WEI (DAYS) WAS SHORTER IN SG AND DG THAN IN C (EXPERIMENT 1: 5.0, 4.7 AND 7.7, AND EXPERIMENT 2: 5.3, 5.2 AND 7.4). CH NUMBER WAS GREATER FOR DG THAN FOR SG AND C (9.0, 1.8 AND 0.2). ON WAS HIGHER, WHEREAS NUMBER OF MF WAS LOWER IN SG AND DG THAN IN C (ON: 27.7, 35.8 AND 15.3; MF: 0, 0.9 AND 4.6). NUMBERS AND DIAMETER OF LF WERE GREATER IN SG THAN IN DG AND C (10.8, 2.8 AND 0.9 FOLLICLES; 20.5, 8.7 AND 7.5 MM, RESPECTIVELY). NUMBERS OF PBA, TPB, SF AND CL DID NOT DIFFER AMONG GROUPS. SUMMARIZING, RELATIVE TO C, DG AND SG IMPROVED NUMBER OF SOWS IN ESTRUS DURING THE FIRST SEVEN DAYS POSTWEANING BUT SG REDUCED PG, WHEREAS DG DID NOT. THEREFORE, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT DG MIGHT BE USED IN ORDER TO FACILITATE ADOPTION OF EARLY WEANING IN FARMS.