A multidimensional comparative analysis of population changes in five European Union countries with the largest populations was conducted in the study. Mainly, two dependent variables of births and deaths dynamically have the greatest impact on the number of people. Additionally, the situation of population in European Union countries is influenced by human migration, especially in the face of the war between Russia and Ukraine. The research showed that only in France there was an increase in the number of people caused by the positive difference in births and deaths and the sum of granted asylums in respective years between 2019-2022: by 797 886 people. Decreases were observed in the remaining four countries analyzed (in Spain by 77 343, in Germany by 325 026, in Poland by 473 865, in Italy by 1 020 060 people).

The article focuses on different aspects of economic security. The author considers what kind of impact the economic sciences have on human’s culture and security culture. Economic security is described with security culture model. The article points out the role of anthropological perspective in economics, and shows which criteria are used in this field. It criticizes lack of socio-cultural perspective. The article describes also the phenomenon of consumerism and its negative impact on society.

This article is a reflection of the research that focuses on the period after the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 to the time before World War II in 1939. The aim of the research is to explore the basic approaches to the implementation of education for statehood in terms of the creation of a new state in relation to civil defence education in Czechoslovakia. The comparative historical analysis will be utilized as the research method on the subject of education for statehood. The comparative historical analysis is used as a specific tool for qualitative research. This is a procedure which can be applied to the statehood issue of education to its basic elements, by which it will be possible to learn more about this phenomenon and subsequently explain it.

The article is devoted to the categories of threats and risks to state information security. The author starts from the assumption that the dynamic development of modern society has become an important factor of change in the security and defence environment. The aim of the publication is to identify threats to the shielding apparatus of processes related to the flow of news. It is worth mentioning that the intercessory-defensive nature of the institution can be understood directly or indirectly, as destructive actions interfering with the security subject. The concept of risk is associated with the uncertainty resulting from the security subject's actions, with its consequences, especially undesirable and unforeseen. The author therefore puts forward a thesis proclaiming the necessity for authorities (understood as a security subject) to acquire defensive and offensive skills in the infosphere. In doing so, he makes two points: mastering the capabilities mentioned above only reduces the level of risk, but does not eliminate it. Realistically taming these skills requires first and foremost education on many levels, from the basics of ‘cyber security’ behaviour to the professional training of information security specialists eo ipso, and thus capable of applying both IT and engineering knowledge and at the same time social sciences, above all defence sciences.

Problem: Trips for jūjutsu/jujitsu studies do not only apply to the Japan. What is the specificity of jūjutsu tourism today? What are the characteristics of this type of martial arts tourism?Method: From the perspective of the General Theory of Fighting Arts, an attempt was made to describe and explain the indicated cultural phenomenon. The main method is the author's over 40 years of participant observation in the European and international jūjutsu environment. As is typical of the monographic method, various categories of sources and studies are also included.Results: A description and interpretation of today's travel conditions for practical jūjutsu studies were presented. Examples of famous masters, schools and dōjōs, and other important places are provided. Certain institutions and cyclical events are the driving force of this type of tourism.Conclusions: Jūjutsu tourism is currently multipolar. Trips to masters or to national and international training workshops depend on the location of the organization and the specific master. In search of practical knowledge, students follow masters who are not always of Japanese origin.

The year 2023 will mark 34th anniversary of operation of the International Bodyguard Association in Poland. Since 1990, training courses have been held in Poland aimed at preparing bodyguards for professional practice and improving their qualifications. The variety of training and its scope ultimately increase the personal security of the person protected by the bodyguards.

This article presents research on the nature, character and stature of the basic principles of international humanitarian law of armed conflict, an important element of public international law. These principles are: the principle of humanity, the principle of military necessity, the principle of proportionality and the principle of distinction. They are the starting point for the establishment of specific legal norms and the foundation for the construction of various areas of this area of law. In addition, an important immanent/natural feature is their utilitarianism during the course of armed conflicts, where commanders in the reality of armed combat are expected to apply and observe them.

Problem: Certain events are symptomatic of institutional and organisational development in relatively new sports. They therefore deserve to be described and interpreted. This is about a newly established sports association in Poland in the field of sports jujutsu /ju-jitsu.Method: Autoethnography and visual sociology / visual ethnography are the basic methods of the applied qualitative research methodology. The selection and analysis of the photographic material took place.Results: On the basis of the theory of martial arts tourism, the purpose of the meeting of the leaders of the Dan Commission operating within the Polish Ju-Jitsu Sports Association was defined. A solemn promotion to the highest ranks took place. Afterwards there was another meeting of several leaders of martial arts and combat sports.Conclusions: The described meetings of leaders - holders of the highest master degrees - create the history of martial arts and combat sports practiced in Poland. The ceremonies of awarding certificates, the manner of honouring the high-ranking champions, as well as the documentation of achievements and legitimisation of powers are forms of institutionalisation or sometimes ritualisation of activities within a given organisation.

The article focuses on the security of the eastern flank countries in the light of Russia's military operations in Ukraine, including: the security of the eastern flank in respect of military operations in Ukraine, Western efforts to secure the eastern flank, the challenges for the security of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in relation to refugees and migration. In the search for an answer to the question: What impact does Russia's military operations in Ukraine have on the security of the eastern flank countries? the literature on the subject was studied, Russian normative acts were analysed and official statements of experts in the media were quoted, as well as the views of specialists dealing with the security issues of the countries of this region. Directions of actions improving the security of these countries were presented. The results of the conducted research indicate that the eastern flank countries alone would not be able to repel a possible Russian aggression against any of these countries at the current stage of modernization of their armies. Only close cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the deployment of more American troops on the territory of the eastern flank countries guarantee security. The content cited in the article aims to update opinions on the level of security of the eastern flank countries.

On 30 January 2020. TheWorld Health Organisation (WHO) declared anoutbreak caused by thenew SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID19 . In Poland, on theother hand, astate of epidemic emergency was declared on 14 March 2020 and all uniformed, medical and epidemiological services were placed on standby. Thenew, unforeseen situation has had adramatic impact not only on economic sectors, but above all on citizens' sense of personal security. It has made it necessary for many institutions to consolidate their activities and to seek solutions that would allow society to cope with anunknown phenomenon and to maintain at least aminimum sense of security. Consequently, social campaigns were one of theways to raising awareness and presenting solutions to reduce therisks affecting personal security associated with theepidemic.Among numerous activities of apreventive nature, social campaigns are atool for promoting ideas and attitudes, whileat thesame time being aform of activating theaddressees to undertake pro-social behaviour and to eliminate attitudes that negatively influence thehealth, life and development of society. Asocial campaign, as apersuasive message, should evoke attitudes and behaviours that are socially desirable and induce to theabandonment of behaviours that violate thelegal order or thesense of social security. Thepurpose of thestudy is to present theconcept of personal security and related issues. At thesame time, thepaper attempts to answer thequestion of what social advertising is at thelevel of programmes creating pro-social behaviour and seeks ananswer to thequestion of theeffectiveness of social campaigns broadcast during pandemics and their impact on increasing thesense of personal safety. In particular, whether this social media tool is fulfilling its mission. Undoubtedly, social campaigns are seen as anelement that increases theeffectiveness of personal safety measures, as they provide tools to reach aspecific population. Thepaper uses empirical and theoretical research methods, including: literature analysis, analysis of phenomena occurring in society and inference as acognitive factor of thesubject under analysis. It was assumed that social campaigns have asignificant influence on increasing thefeeling of personal safety and theresults of theresearch made it possible to identify themost effective elements used in social campaigns.