EXAMPLES OF ONE-WORD BORROWED UNITS IN THE POLISH LANGUAGE SOVIET PRESS (BASED ON “GŁOS RADZIECKI” 1939) The paper presents examples of one-word borrowed units taken from the Soviet newspaper “Głos Radziecki” [Soviet Voice] from 1939. The author analysed lexemes which are loanwords from the East Slavic languages and units with foreign etymology which were adapted to Ukrainian and Russian languages and then penetrated into the Polish language of Soviet press. The examples were divided into three groups: formal-semantic borrowings, semantic and structural calques. They are given along with lexicographical descriptions and examples of using. For the comparative analysis the author used dictionaries of the Polish, Ukrainian and Russian languages, as well as historical lexicons.

ZIELONA ŚCIEMA. CHANGES IN THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE WORD ZIELONY (‘GREEN’) AS A RESULT OF THE POPULARISATION OF PRO-ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDESThe popularisation of pro-ecological attitudes is causing vocabulary changes which are having an impact on the need to revise existing lexicographic descriptions. An example is the word zielony ‘green’ the collocation of which has expanded considerably over the past fifteen years. This has resulted in the development of several new meanings of the word and a partial change in its semantic properties from a qualitative adjective to a relational adjective. The difficulty here is the necessity to describe dozens of expressions that function as terms of specialised language.

THE VERB KNYSIĆ AND ITS PREFIX DERIVATIVES IN THE DIALECT OF THE BIECZ AREA IN PODGÓRZE IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER DIALECTS The aim of this article is to present the ambiguous verb knysić meaning i. a. ‘to mix’, ‘to knead, knead, mix, knead (mainly dough)’ and prefixal formations, such as naknysić, poknysić, sknysić, uknysić, wyknysić, zaknysić functioning in the Bugaj dialect of the Pogórze region (Gorlice district) in comparison with other dialects. This verb in other Lesser Poland dialects shows a high variance, cf. e.g. knysić/knycić/knychcić/klęsić/knysać/knyszać kniysać/kmysać/klysać/kłysać/knychać/knytać/ knysać/klęsać. The author of the article discusses the state of documentation of the studied words, their variants, meanings, and territorial range. An existing etymological hypothesis is also presented; however, a discussion of the etymology of this verb, unclear as to its genesis, requires further research, taking into account not only other common words and proper names containing the same or formally similar root (e.g. nouns knys, knysz, local names of the Knyszyn type, personal names, e.g. Knysz, Knyszka), but also a non-Slavic background. However, the data presented in the article may provide important arguments for the etymologisation of the verb in question.

21ST CENTURY VOCABULARY IN THE GREAT DICTIONARY OF POLISH BY THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES – RESOURCES AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS The aim of this article is to present the Great Dictionary of Polish published by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) (Polish: Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN) as a potential source for the research on the latest Polish lexis (i. e., lexis that has been documented in text and corpora sources since 2001). First, the author briefly discusses the principles and course of work on introducing chronological information into the dictionary; then the author shows how the user of the dictionary can, using the search tool according to the Chronologization field, independently access the necessary sets of entries with selected (not only 21st-century) dating characteristics. The main part of the text is the presentation of the general (primarily numerical) characteristics of 21st-century lexical material according to grammatical criteria (part of speech, word-formation structure), semantic (in relation to the thematic classification used in the dictionary), stylistic and etymological criteria (language of origin of borrowings).

THE MEANING OF THE ADJECTIVE ŻAŁOSNY IN THE LIGHT OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS OF FEELINGSThe aim of the article is to analyse the meanings of the adjective żałosny from both a diachronic and synchronic perspective, in the context of the semantics of the emotion of żal (‘pity’). The goal is to show how the concept of żal is evoked in both historical and contemporary meanings of this adjective. The methodological foundation of the analysis is based on concepts from cognitive and cultural linguistics, frequently used in research on linguistic expressions of emotions: Eleanor Rosch’s prototype theory (1978), Charles Fillmore’s frame semantics (1985), and Anna Wierzbicka’s (1999) suggestion for describing emotion scenarios. The material basis consists of historical and contemporary dictionaries of the Polish language as well as corpus data. The results of the analysis indicate a transformation in the meanings of the adjective żałosny, linked to a shift in evaluative connotation, which can be explained by changes in the prototypical emotion scenarios (and their profiled elements) evoked in the respective meanings of the adjective under study.

SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE POLISH ADJECTIVE OSTATNI ‘THE LAST’The word ostatni ‘the last’ is one of the ordinal adjectives in contemporary Polish. The unit in question occurs primarily in anteposition to the noun forming nominal phrase. The adjective ostatni is a lexical exponent of the notion of sequence which implies a succession of many (at least three) states of affairs. The unit under discussion is used occasionally but it is monosemic independently of the function performed in a sentence. The adjective ostatni can function as an attribute of the noun, as a predicative expression in basic predicative expression, and as a non-basic predicative expression in a given simple sentence. The unit mentioned above belongs to systemically intratextual adjectives.

The article concerns the pragmatic aspects of negation. Being aware of the fact that negation is a characteristic element of the entire set of speech acts, such as disagreement, opposition, counterargument, objection, complaint, etc., the author aims to determine to what extent this pragmatic character of negation is direct or indirect. Negation is a category of functional words, the sphere of application of which is the assertive part of the sentence, i.e. semantic information. Performative verbs cannot be negated due to their status as physical entities, i.e. individual speech acts realized at a specific time and place. Therefore, in the structure of speech acts, negation occurs mostly in the assertive part, and the negative semantic content contributes to the modification of the illocutionary function. As a result, syncretic and indirect speech acts are created. The negation operator is also added to performative verbs that stand in opposition to complementary antonyms (I let | I don’t let), thus the “not” operator function as an element of the names of actions that are alternative to their affirmative counterparts.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF OLD POLISH LANGUAGE AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION. WHAT THE OLD POLISH SIĘ WAS? The article concerns to the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. It discusses the problem with the annotation of the textual word się (also sie and si). Linguists tend to disagree with the thesis that się belonged to a specific grammatical class. Also, historical dictionaries and corpora of Polish have not been helpful in annotating it. Difficulties resulted mainly from the fact that the Old Polish era was the time of crystallization of this word’s syntactic and morphological functions which were difficult to distinguish in many particular uses. In this paper we describe the process that led us to the creation of the class grammaticalized SIĘ (się as an exponent of certain grammatical information: a word-forming morpheme, an exponent of reflexivity, passivity or impersonality) and the adoption of two possibilities for annotating się (also as a personal pronoun).

HISTORY OF THE WORD POSŁANKA IN POLISHThe subject of the article is the occurrence of the word posłanka [female member of parliament] in Polish, referring to a member of the lower house of parliament. The sources used in the study are primarily Polish dictionaries and corpora, including the Corpus of Parliamentary Discourse and the National Corpus of the Polish Language. The discussion on the nomination of women in parliament in the pages of “Poradnik Językowy” (“Linguistuic Manual”), an interwar periodical dedicated to the culture of language, was also examined. The need to create a name for a woman holding an office in the parliament of deputy was a consequence of her obtaining the right to run for the office, which occurred in 1918 by decree of the Polish president. The records of the proceedings of the Parliament of the Second Polish Republic confirm the presence of the name posłanka, the frequency of which gradually increased from the first mention in 1922 to 120 appearances in the 3rd term. The term posłanka also has numerous confirmations from the sessions of the Parliament of the Polish People’s Republic but, due to the low rank and limited decision-making power of this institution, it disappeared from public use. Its presence in the 1980s is not recorded in the National Corpus of the Polish Language. It returned in the 1990s with the opinion of a neologism and a deprecating name.

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