Abstract
The vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). As distinguished from conventional theories, such as that of the Standard Model, the present revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) includes the ZPE in its field equations. This leads to new results far beyond those obtained from conventional theories such as those by Dirac and Higgs. Thus, the present theory results in massive elementary particles from the beginning, being independent of the theory by Higgs. This paper describes the background and results of RQED, summarizing the weak points of conventional theories, the unification of included fundamental concepts, the present basic field equations, new obtained results, and special points of experimental support. In other words, the new points stressed in this paper are in particular the relation between a nonzero electric field divergence in the vacuum and the ZPE, and a number of new experimentally supported results due to a nonzero ZPE energy density in the same state.
Highlights
The vacuum is not merely a state of empty space
The average energy of an oscillator in thermal equilibrium has to include a lowest nonzero energy level of one-half quantum per state, i.e. the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). Conventional theories, such as that of the Standard Model of elementary particles, are on the other hand based on a vacuum state of empty space
New Results Obtained from Present Theory. From this revised theory a number of new results are obtained beyond those emerging from conventional theory
Summary
The vacuum is not merely a state of empty space. The first indication of this fact was already given in connection with Planck’s theory of radiation. The average energy of an oscillator in thermal equilibrium has to include a lowest nonzero energy level of one-half quantum per state, i.e. the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). Conventional theories, such as that of the Standard Model of elementary particles, are on the other hand based on a vacuum state of empty space. To meet the requirement of a vacuum state which includes effects due to the Zero Point Energy and related sources, a revised quantum electrodynamic approach (RQED) has been made by the author, as described in a succession of investigations [1]-[4]. This paper mainly elucidates the background and aspects of the present theory, in a discussion of the weak points of the conventional theories, the unification of fundamental concepts into the present approach, its basic field equations, new results obtained beyond those of conventional theories such as by Dirac and Higgs, and points of experimental support
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