Abstract
Both theory and experiments indicate that the vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). This debouches into considerable changes of fundamental physics, as shown by a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) applied to elementary particles, and by a revised ZPE frequency spectrum applied to the expanding universe. The Standard Model based on a vacuum state of empty space is thus replaced by RQED, thereby resulting in massive elementary particles from the beginning, independently of the theory by Higgs. Also the basic properties of the Higgs-like particle detected at CERN can be reproduced by RQED. It further leads to new fundamental results beyond the theories by Dirac and Higgs, such as to a deduced value of the elementary net charge, magnetic confinement of charged particle configurations, intrinsic local particle charges, photon spin with a very small but nonzero photon rest mass, and needle-like particle-wave properties which contribute to the understanding of the photoelectric effect and two-slit experiments. The real macroscopic pressure due to the revised ZPE frequency distribution further influences the dynamics of the expanding universe, by the ZPE photon pressure gradient acting as dark energy, and the ZPE photon energy density acting as dark matter. This results in a model being consistent with the observed scale, the rate of expansion, and the stability of a flat expanding observable universe.
Highlights
As shown in reviews of quantum mechanics by Pauling and Wilson [1] and Schiff [2] among others, the solutions of the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator do lead to the Planck electromagnetic wave energy and to a lowest nonzero energy level of one-half quantum per state, i.e. the Zero Point Energy (ZPE)
The latter deal with the physics of the smallest elementary particles being treated in terms of a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) [7] [8], as well as the physics of the largest cosmical phenomena treated by means of a revised frequency distribution of the ZPE vacuum fluctuations [9]
It is proposed that the pressure gradient of the ZPE photon gas can play the rôle of an expanding dark energy force, at the same time as the energy density of the same gas plays the rôle of gravitating dark matter and a contracting force
Summary
As shown in reviews of quantum mechanics by Pauling and Wilson [1] and Schiff [2] among others, the solutions of the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator do lead to the Planck electromagnetic wave energy and to a lowest nonzero energy level of one-half quantum per state, i.e. the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). The present review demonstrates some of the consequences which originate from the Zero Point Energy, as outlined in Figure 1 and based on recent investigations by the author. The latter deal with the physics of the smallest elementary particles being treated in terms of a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) [7] [8], as well as the physics of the largest cosmical phenomena treated by means of a revised frequency distribution of the ZPE vacuum fluctuations [9]. The present field equations are of the general four-dimensional Lorentz invariant form [10]
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