Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common and most aggressive brain cancers. The current treatment is mainly surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, but the results are not satisfactory. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), also called “Lingzhi”, is a medicinal mushroom that has been used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer. However, whether it is effective for treating cancer is still unclear. In the present study, the anti-tumor effect of a water extract of G. lucidum was investigated using brain tumor cells. We used an analysis of cell viability, flow cytometry, the IncuCyte live-cell analysis system, and Western blotting to study its effects. The water extract from G. lucidum inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and it induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S phase via the cyclin-CDK2 pathway in human brain tumor cells. In addition, the G. lucidum extract significantly inhibited cell migration and mesenchymal marker expression based on the IncuCyte live-cell assay and qRT-PCR analysis. In summary, these anti-tumor effects in brain tumor cells suggest that G. lucidum may be useful for treating brain tumors.
Highlights
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive glioblastoma and has an annual incidence rate of 5.26 per 100,000 people per year; of the 17,000 individuals who are diagnosed each year, most have a poor prognosis and greatly reduced quality of life [1]
The results suggested that water extract of G. lucidum induced apoptosis and inhibited the effect of migration in glioblastoma
We used the MTT assay to investigate the effects of different concentrations of G. lucidum extract on GBM8901 and U87 cell survival after incubation for 24, 48, and 72 h
Summary
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive glioblastoma and has an annual incidence rate of 5.26 per 100,000 people per year; of the 17,000 individuals who are diagnosed each year, most have a poor prognosis and greatly reduced quality of life [1]. Organization, glioblastoma is the most common primary brain neoplasm. From 60% to 75% of astrocytic tumors are classified as glioblastomas [2]. Grade IV glioblastoma is the most malignant glioma. The standard treatment for diagnosed glioblastoma is to perform surgery when applicable followed by radiation therapy [3]. Radiotherapy seems to be only related to prolonged progression-free
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