Abstract
Fenitrothion (FNT), an organophosphate pesticide, exerts an immunotoxic effect on splenocytes. Dietary polyphenol compounds exert antioxidant, anticancer and antihypertensive effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of walnut polyphenol extract (WPE) on FNT-induced immunotoxicity in splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Treatment with WPE significantly increased the proliferation of FNT-exposed splenocytes, as evidenced by increases in the proportions of splenic T lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells) and T-cell subsets (CD8+ T cells), as well as the secretion of the T-cell-related cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ, IL-4 and granzyme B. These effects were associated with a reduction in oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in the levels of hydroxyl radical, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde. Moreover, WPE decreased the FNT-induced overexpression of NADPH oxidase 2 and dual oxidase 1 by regulating Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in splenic T-cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that WPE protects against FNT-mediated immunotoxicity and improves immune function by inhibiting oxidative stress.
Highlights
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are extensively used in agriculture worldwide [1,2]
Treatment of FNT exposed splenocytes with 1.0 μg/mL walnut polyphenol extract (WPE) increased their viability from manner
These results suggest that WPE is capable of normalizing the proportions of T cell suggest that WPE is capable of normalizing the proportions of T cell subpopulations among FNT
Summary
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are extensively used in agriculture (most vegetables, fruits and forage crops) worldwide [1,2]. These pesticides and their metabolites are distributed widely in environment and food [3,4] and exhibit neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, respiratory toxicity, hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity [3,5,6,7,8]. One of the most common polyphenols, significantly attenuated cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in rats [15], inhibited apoptosis and oxidative stress in chicken granulosa cells [16] and mitigated atrazine-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat interstitial Leydig cells [17]. Proanthocyanidin protected against nodularin-induced oxidative toxicity in Carassius auratus lymphocytes [18] and inhibited lead-induced
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