Variation and Driving Factor of Aerosol Optical Depth over the South China Sea from 1980 to 2020

Enwei Sun,Yiwen Lu,Ying Xie,Chunsong Lu,Wei Yu,Chuanbo Fu

doi:10.3390/atmos13030372

Abstract

Spatial and temporal variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and optical depth of different aerosol types derived from the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) over the South China Sea (SCS) between 1980 and 2020 were studied. AOD distribution showed different characteristics throughout the entire SCS. Sulfate Aerosol Optical Depth (SO4AOD) and Sea Salt Aerosol Optical Depth (SSAOD) mainly contributed to the spatial and temporal variation of AOD over the SCS. A significant increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend of AOD could be observed in the north of the SCS from 1980 to 2020. Mean MERRA-2 AOD between 1980 and 2020 showed that AOD was high in the north and low in the south and that AOD gradually decreased from north to south over the SCS. AOD after 2000 was obviously higher than that of the 1980s and 1990s. Higher AOD appeared in the spring and winter, and low AOD appeared in the summer. The spatial distribution of scattering aerosol optical depth (SAOD) was similar to AOD distribution over the SCS. SO4AOD and SSAOD were obviously higher than black carbon aerosol optical depth (BCAOD), organic carbon aerosol optical depth (OCAOD), and dust aerosol optical depth (DUAOD) over the SCS. SO4AOD accounted for over 50% of total AOD (TAOD) over the north of the SCS, while BCAOD and DUAOD accounted for less than 10% of TAOD over the entire SCS. An obvious annual mean TAOD increase between 1980 and 2007 could be observed over the northern part of the SCS (NSCS), while a TAOD decrease happened from 2008 to 2020 in this region. The correlation coefficient between TAOD and SO4AOD over NSCS from 1980 to 2020 was about 0.93, indicating SO4AOD was the driving factor of TAOD variation in this area. Different AOD variation trends over the different areas of the SCS could be observed during the two periods including 1980–2007 and 2008–2020. AOD increase appeared over most of the SCS during the period from 1980 to 2007, while AOD decrease could be observed over most of the SCS from 2008 to 2020.

Highlights

Aerosol is an important constituent of the atmosphere, and plays a key role in the radiation balance, regional and global climate change, and human health [1–11]
black carbon aerosol optical depth (BCAOD) Percent and dust aerosol optical depth (DUAOD) Percent had the lowest values which were less than 10% over the entire South China Sea (SCS).SOOC4AAOODDPePrceernct ewnats =maSiOnly4AbeOtwDee/An 1O0%Dand 20%, and only a small par(t1in) the middle of the SCS was under 10%
SO4AOD and Sea Salt Aerosol Optical Depth (SSAOD) dominated the variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the SCS

Summary

Introduction

Aerosol is an important constituent of the atmosphere, and plays a key role in the radiation balance, regional and global climate change, and human health [1–11]. Compared with sparse ground-based observation, satellite remote sensing can provide measurements covering large areas. MERRA-2 aerosol products can cover large areas, and provide long-term aerosol data from 1980 to present. Kang et al [38] conducted research about aerosol optical property in Nanjing through ground-based measurements from September 2007 to August 2008, and arrived at the conclusion that aerosol over Nanjing mainly contained the mixed type, urban-industrial type, and biomass burning type. In order to comprehensively understand the significant role of aerosol in climate change and the biogeochemical cycle, variation of aerosol properties over sea needs to be studied. Li et al [44] studied the aerosol properties over the northern area of the SCS between 9 August and 7 September 2016 with a shipborne micro-pulse lidar, finding that AOD was lower over the southwest side than the northeast side of the cruise region. MweErReRaAna-2lyAzeOdDto, BoCffAerOaDb,eOtteCrAuOndDe,rSstOan4AdiOnDg ,oDf aUeAroOsoDl ,parnodpeSrStyAoOvDerftrhoemSC19S8. 0 to 2020 were analyzed to offer a better understanding of aerosol property over the SCS

Materials and Methods

Spatial Distribution and Temporal

SAperaotsioallCDomisptorsiibtuiotnison and Temporal Variation of MERRA-2 AOD of

Variation Trend of MERRA-2 AOD

Findings

Conclusions