Abstract
We have used photoemission spectroscopy in order to investigate the electronic states and chemical bonding related to Au induced atomic chains on the Ge(001) surface. Angle-resolved photoemission reveals two types of dispersions around the Fermi level whose intensities strongly depend on the incident photon energy. Around $h\ensuremath{\nu}=100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, the band structure is dominated by an electronlike band of mainly one-dimensional (1D) character, which shows Tomonaga-Luttinger-like power-law behavior in the $k$-integrated spectral function. In contrast, lower photon energies reveal a metallic holelike dispersion which resembles the Ge bulk structure with its heavy-hole, light-hole, and split-off branches. The Au $4f$ core-level spectra show two doublets indicating two different Au bonding sites, whereas the Ge $3d$ core-level shows two surface components and one bulk component.
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