Abstract
AC microgrid is an attractive way to energize local loads due to remotely located renewable generation. The AC microgrid can conceptually comprise several grid-forming and grid-following power converters, renewable energy sources, energy storage and local loads. To study the microgrid dynamics, power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL)-based test setups are commonly used since they provide high flexibility and enable testing the performance of real converters. In a standard PHIL setup, different components of the AC microgrid exist as real commercial devices or electrical emulators or, alternatively, can be simulated using real-time simulators. For accurate, reliable and repeatable results, the PHIL-setup should be able to capture the dynamics of the microgrid loads and sources as accurately as possible. Several studies have shown how electrical machines, dynamic RLC loads, battery storages and photovoltaic and wind generators can be emulated in a PHIL setup. However, there are no studies discussing how a three-phase grid-following power converter with its internal control functions should be emulated, regardless of the fact that grid-following converters (e.g., photovoltaic and battery storage inverters) are the basic building blocks of AC microgrids. One could naturally use a real converter to represent such dynamic load. However, practical implementation of a real three-phase converter is much more challenging and requires special knowledge. To simplify the practical implementation of microgrid PHIL-studies, this paper demonstrates the use of a commercial high-bandwidth voltage amplifier as a dynamic three-phase power converter emulator. The dynamic performance of the PHIL setup is evaluated by identifying the small-signal impedance of the emulator with various control parameters and by time-domain step tests. The emulator is shown to yield the same impedance behavior as real three-phase converters. Thus, dynamic phenomena such as harmonic resonance in the AC microgrid can be studied in the presence of grid-following converters.
Highlights
Three-phase power electronics converters are essential building blocks of AC microgrids
Power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL)-based studies have gained a lot of interest recently since they allow effortless dynamic tests of AC microgrids with full penetration of renewable energy generation
In a PHIL setup, different components of the microgrid exist as real devices or electrical emulators, or can be simulated using real-time simulators
Summary
Three-phase power electronics converters are essential building blocks of AC microgrids. This paper discusses the control design and implementation of a power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) setup based on a four-quadrant voltage amplifier to emulate the small-signal behavior of three-phase grid-following converter. The main contributions of this paper are summarized as: It is shown how a standard voltage amplifier can be configured to represent a three-phase grid-following converter in an AC microgrid PHIL test setup. The emulator is able to represent the effects of current control, phase-locked-loop and grid voltage feedforward in its output impedance behavior It is demonstrated how the internal dynamics of the voltage amplifier can be merged numerically to the dynamic model of the emulator, to necessitate accurate design of control loops and to develop the small-signal impedance model for validation of the frequency response measurements.
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