Abstract
Good health is essential for sustainable development; the other sustainable development goals cannot be achieved with prevalent high rates of debilitating infectious and non-infectious illnesses and without physical, mental and social wellbeing in the population (UN General Assembly, 2012). The third goal of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda addresses health and sustainable development by linking health to indicators related to environmental factors, such as air and water pollution. In this research, we use the two most prominent methods for the SDG's performance measurement at the country level: the simple mean Bertelsmann Index – BI (Lafortune et al., 2018; Sachs et al., 2018) and the OECD's Distance Measure Index – DMI (OECD, 2017) by using the air pollution, poisoning, poor sanitation, and unsafe water indicators of the third SDG goal for 107 United Nations countries for the period between 1990 and 2017. The above countries are divided into four income categories, corresponding to the 2020–2021 World Bank income classification: Low Income, Lower–Middle Income, Upper–Middle Income and High Income. Finally, looking at the performance indicators in combination with the country income categories, we conclude a positive relationship between BI and income and a negative relationship between DMI and income.
Published Version
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