Abstract
Taguchi’s method was applied to investigate the effect of main high energy ball milling (HEBM) parameters: milling time (MT), ball to powder weight ratio (BPWR), and milling speed (MS) on the CaCO3 crystallite size. The settings of HEBM parameters were determined by using the L9 (33) orthogonal experiments array (OA). The as-received and milled powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystallite size of CaCO3 varied between 140 and 540 nm depending on the HEBM conditions. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the significance and percentage of contribution of each milling parameter. It was established that the MT is the most effective parameter followed by MS and BPWR. A confirmation test was carried out with a 90% confidence level to illustrate the effectiveness of the Taguchi optimization method. The optimum milling parameter combination was determined by using the analysis of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Based on the S/N ratio analysis, optimal HEBM conditions were found MT 10 h, MS 600 revolutions per minute (rpm), BPWR 50:1.
Highlights
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has been widely studied due to its chemical stability and mechanical reinforcement ability (Chen et al 2010 and Tanniru et al 2005)
The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum curves of the CaCO3 milling powders were obtained over the wavelength of 4000–450 cm−1 by using Thermo-Scientific Nicolet IS10 in standard KBr-based tablets formed under pressure of 3 atm
The absorption peaks of CO32- appeared around 710–719, 860–871, and 1400– 1410 cm−1. The presence of these bands confirmed that each milled powder was in the form of CaCO3 (Feng et al 2016). These findings were in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination, i.e., that CaCO3 did not decompose during high energy ball milling (HEBM)
Summary
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has been widely studied due to its chemical stability and mechanical reinforcement ability (Chen et al 2010 and Tanniru et al 2005). Crystallite size has taken on importance in tailoring final properties of CaCO3 materials (Minkowicz et al 2021, d’Amora et al 2020, Safaei et al 2021). Radune et al International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (2022) 17:1 include MS, size of balls, BPWR, medium of milling, MT, etc. The Taguchi method provides a simple, efficient, and systematic approach to determine optimal parameters (Gopalsamy et al 2009). Statistical experimental designs have been employed to determine optimal HEBM parameters (Radune et al, 2015). This study aimed to determine the effect of HEBM parameters (MS, MT, and BPWR) on crystallite sizes of CaCO3 powder by applying the Taguchi method
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