Urban development and tourism in Japanese cities 1

ABSTRACTSince around 2000, tourism has gradually become a key activity reinforcing the Japanese economy. In particular, there has been growth in urban tourism and many urban spaces have been transformed to meet visitors’ needs, a process that has occurred not only in the large metropolises but also in small- and medium-sized regional cities. This paper explores how urban tourism spaces in Japan have been created alongside more general urban development, examining significant aspects and implications of the urban tourism development process. It reveals that the growth of urban tourism has accelerated the growth of local residents’ awareness and activities. Local residents have become more conscious about their living areas and have undertaken spontaneous activities to manage the areas whereas previously there had been a constant struggle and negotiation with the contradiction between urban developments and economic depression. It concludes that citizen participation in the urban tourism development process can be extended into a collaborative area management.

The main concepts of urban tourism development and ecological urban tourism are analyzed. It is shown that such types of modern tourist business, despite its rapid development, need a clear scientific basis that will ensure its orderliness and targeted optimization. Along with such purely tourist resources as attractiveness, historical value, aesthetic appeal, recognizability, the ecological safety of tourist groups and individual tourists is an essential point. These are complementary factors that not only contribute to the development of urban tourism, but also ensure its optimized safety.
 Urban tourism is one of the most intensive tourist destinations in modern society. In general, the concept of "city tourism" is relatively new. Its concept was formed in world tourism in the late twentieth century. thanks to the work of German scientists L. Hartmut, G. Neuenfeldtut, O. Rose (1980-1990). For example, L. Hartmut's dictionary (1997) defines urban tourism as “a short-term (usually 1–4 days) visit to a city with the following purpose: interest in the history and culture of the city; participation in various events; purchase of various goods. Often such a visit is carried out in the form of a weekend excursion and can take place both individually and in groups, ie both organized (through a tour of the company and with guides), and independently.
 The growing intensity of the development of urban tourism in Ukraine, as well as the intensification of the development of related industries, makes scientific developments in the perspective of justifying the optimization of such a component of the tourism industry is extremely relevant. At the same time, there are certain components of such relevance that are related to the structure of urban tourism. It includes scientific developments that aim to reveal the possibilities of tourism development in a particular city, from purely quantitative indicators of the intensity of possible tourist flows to ensure their quality, including environmental safety.
 As a result, the relevance and novelty of such studies is a holistic expression, where each component is characterized by its own structurally oriented place and complements other components.
 Urban tourism and its component urban ecological tourism are among the most promising tourist destinations. Along with their spontaneous development, there is a need for scientific understanding of such activities, which will contribute to the development of the necessary legislative solutions. Today there are discussions on defining the main concepts of urban tourism development such as urban tourism itself, the ecological environment of urban tourism development, ecological safety of urban tourism development, tourist ecological resource, etc.
 In general, the prospects of such a tourist destination are beyond doubt, and the scientific basis that can optimize such tourism development is a necessary and timely completion of it today.
 The researches presented in the article encourage to improve the optimization of urban tourism development in any city of Ukraine. At the same time, the identification of the main problem situations contributes to focusing on them, which can significantly reduce time and money resources when planning the development of the tourism industry in cities. Such approaches allow to optimize urban planning in the field of tourism development.
 Since the scientific developments presented in the article are largely generalized, they can be used in the development of the tourism industry in any city of Ukraine.
 Key words: urban tourism, ecological city tourism, urban tourist resources, ecological safety of tourists.

The urban tourism industry belongs to the tourism industry and also belongs to the cultural industry. The urban tourism development and design must take into account the city's cultural resources and tourism resources. Under the background of rapid development of urban tourism economy and further convergence of tourism content, this paper analyzes urban cultural ecology and believes that cultural ecology and its system affect the way and process of urban tourism development. Improving the cultural resources, cultural influences, and cultural creation of the city will help promote the integration of culture and tourism development. This paper further analyzes the types of integration development of urban culture and tourism, and proposes a fusion development model design based on Memory Recovery and Brand-led under the different cultural and tourism development levels among different cities.

Based on an analysis of the status of urban heritage in urban ecosystem and its relationship with urban tourism development on the theory of ecological niche, this paper argues that urban heritage is a kind of nature-based human ecology, merging with natural ecology through the interaction of humans with nature, and urban heritage tourism is a kind of high-level cultural tourism, which is in essence the same with natural ecotourism while the existing problems such as non-ecological hotspots and ecological diseconomy in the urban heritage tourism are believed to take root in the narrowing and lowering of the heritage niche both in human ecology and in tourism exploitation and management. Thus the paper poses the concept of ecotype urban heritage tourism, introducing ecotourism into urban heritage tourism, and discusses the contents and requirements of ecotype urban tourism from three aspects--that is, urban space, development and management, contents and means--so as to construct a healthy urban ecosystem.

Introduction. City tourism is one of the most frequently chosen forms of tourism consisting of many motives for doing it. On the modern tourist market, there are many negative phenomena that significantly affect the functioning of urban tourist destinations but primarily have an impact on the decisions of potential tourists about choosing cities as a tourist destination. These phenomena pose a threat to the development of both cities and tourism. They are conditioned by endogenous factors, which result from the functioning of the city, and exogenous ones, i.e. those related to socio-economic relations of the city with the environment, including tourist traffic. Cities, as a destination or transit tourist destination, are characterized by high concentration of tourist traffic; hence, the negative phenomena often affect urban tourist space with great intensity. The aim of the study is to present the author’s concept of sustainable urban tourism policy assumptions. After presenting the concept of sustainable urban tourism development policy, the following issues will be discussed: basics of tourism policy, urban tourism, sustainable tourism, classification of threats related to the sustainable development of urban tourism. Material and methods. The study is of theoretical and conceptual nature. The following research methods will be used: critical analysis of the literature and methods of logical operations. Results. The effect of the considerations is to propose the assumptions of the concept of sustainable urban tourism development policy. Conclusions. The most important problems related to the functioning of sustainable tourism were indicated, taking into account the impact of tourism on the natural environment and on overtourism.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to clarify the administrative problematisations of conflict-prone urban tourism (e.g. noise) as political processes predetermining the future of city tourism. It is shaped by today’s administrative ways of knowing increasing visitor pressure as an issue for urban (tourism) development. Design/methodology/approach The problematisation of conflictive urban tourism in Berlin is used as case study and lens to analyse how administrative bodies see conflictive tourism like a tourist city. Drawing on Mariana Valverde’s idea of Seeing Like a City (2011), the paper demonstrates how disparate governmental bodies see and reduce the complexity of conflicts resulting from tourism in order to handle it. The authors use policy documents as the basis for the analysis. Findings The paper provides empirical insights about how political knowledge on urban tourism conflicts is produced in Berlin. The marginalisation of these conflicts on the federal state level seemingly aces out the calls for action on the borough level (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg). According to these disparate modes of problematisation, older and younger governmental gazes on conflictive tourism and its future relevance interrelate in contingent combination. Originality/value This paper fills a gap in the existing urban tourism literature, by focussing on the definition of policy problems by governmental bodies as powerfully linked to the availability of solutions.

Purpose In recent decades western cities have slowly evolved to extend their cultural offer to “the postmodern mixing of public and commercial culture” (Richards, 2014, p. 120) as a major plank of urban regeneration and development strategies. Urban tourism has been central to this and tourists are now an ever present temporary population of cultural consumers in so many of our towns and cities, even in those industrial cities that until recently would not have been imagined as tourist places. Tourism is thus a part of everyday urban life (Urry, 2002) whether we gaze on tourists going from one cultural space to another in our home towns or whether we ourselves are transformed into tourists as we conduct our cultural consumption in places distant to our usual workaday lives. This research note considers the impact such consumption is having on our urban centres. The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the way our urban centres are managed, who the urban citizen now is, and in what direction could tourism research take to shed further light on the way we manage, create and reproduce urban life in the increasingly diverse postmodern city. Design/methodology/approach The paper is a critical reflection on urban tourism and offers a future research orientation. Findings The argument is that in light of new mobilities urban tourism research needs to be more politically reflexive than it often is. Research limitations/implications There is no empirical research content so this does not apply. Practical implications The practical implications are that urban tourism research should be about making cities better places and not simply about being policy performing vehicles in a politically light sense. Originality/value The originality of this piece is in the way it mixes urban studies, social theory and tourism studies together to come out with a view and argument on a way forward in researching tourism and cities.

Regimes of Urban Transformation in Tehran: The Politics of Planning Urban Development in the 20th Century Iran

Facing the current situation of tourism and urban prosperity and development, whether there is a contradiction between urban tourism and urban development, and whether they can always coordinate with each other will affect the sustainable development of both. In this context, the coordination of urban tourism and urban development has become an urgent research object. Based on the statistics of twenty indicators of urban tourism and urban development in Xiamen from 2014 to 2018, the article uses the TOPSIS analysis method to develop the number of tourists. Research results show that (1) the selected indicators all showed significant growth characteristics, and over time the coordination coefficient increases year by year and gradually approaches the ideal optimal value. (2) Among them, 2018 has the highest coordination coefficient, 0.9534. (3) The occurrence of "big events" has a double-sided effect on urban tourism and development coordination.

The twofold purpose of this paper is to establish the prospective inhabitants as a part of the development process, and to provide an overview of participatory planning in the context of Finnish urban residential public–private partnerships (PPPs). This overview examines how the future inhabitants of new residential developments can contribute to informed decision-making within a PPP framework. Communicative planning theory serves as a framework to compare the urban development process from the point of view of future inhabitants. Finnish case studies are used to compare the traditional public-led processes with processes based on PPPs. This comparison is discussed within the context of PPPs and how they may evolve further and develop into a public–private-people partnership (4P) model. The examination of the case studies suggests that involving future inhabitants as stakeholders in the urban planning development process would lead to and require new methods of participation. These methods potentially impact the PPP process as a whole and on several levels. In the Finnish examples discussed here, these range from elements of general planning to individual house design. The research, whilst drawing on the broad field of PPP research, is based on Finnish case studies only. However, this research suggests that the 4P approach is a practical model which may fill the gap between international PPP theory and local, practical solutions for the planning of urban development, both in Finland and elsewhere. Future research can look at this model in other PPP jurisdictions and contexts. The 4P model can be used to establish new methods to plan and develop local infrastructure which meets the needs of future inhabitants. The findings of this paper emphasise the crucial role of future inhabitants in the PPP process. The conclusions points out the possibilities for broad and open participation in urban planning and development processes. The 4P model is found to be a potentially valuable theoretical and practical concept for use in PPP urban developments.

Purpose From the background of the dramatic increase of urban tourism, framed by the concept of overtourism, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss current dynamic processes of urban tourism growth, as presented in the scientific literature. With the help of a literature review, this paper aims to discuss current definitions and conceptualizations of overtourism and discuss the driving forces for the growth of urban tourism, thereby situating overtourism in relational to general structural change. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds on a non-exhaustive review of the scientific literature about overtourism and related topics, supplemented by a review of a few central policy documents. Findings Conceptually, overtourism relates to two different, but related, perspectives. The first one concern (negative) experiences of resident population and visitors, whereas the second relates to thresholds for the carrying capacity of destinations. Most of the reviewed literature focuses on three aspects of overtourism: localized problems in inner cities, the supply of unregulated accommodation through Airbnb and Airbnbs as a driving force of gentrification. Important perspectives are missing from the literature, mainly related to the development of driving forces of urban tourism growth in time and space. This observation is the starting point for a discussion on driving forces in an evolutionary perspective with the ambition of relating the growth of urban tourism to long waves of structural development. Research limitations/implications The paper focuses on overtourism in urban contexts, rural tourism is not discussed. Practical implications In identifying the importance of driving forces for understanding the dynamics of urban tourism growth, a holistic view on managing mitigation might be possible. Originality/value The paper adds an evolutionary perspective to the discussion about overtourism and its causes. Thereby, it answers to a need to take tourism seriously in social science, as a major economic, social and ecologic force. In emphasizing the relationship between driving forces on different geographic scales and levels, power relations are highlighted. The paper discusses the role of driving forces for mitigating overtourism. An understanding of the dynamics of driving forces is essential for the development of urban sustainable tourism.

A just urban ecosystem service governance at the neighbourhood level- perspectives from Sofielund, Malmö, Sweden

Since the 20th century, the deterioration of the ecological environment around the world has challenged urban space construction. With the development of urbanization, the consumption of resources and energy has increased, the level of biodiversity has decreased, environmental pollution is approaching the critical level, and the contradiction between human habitat activity and ecological environment has become increasingly prominent. The sustainable development of urban space along with its economic and social benefits, taking into account the quality of life and ecological environment, has become a new and important subject that needs to be explored. In this study, the indices of the evaluation system for sustainable urban spatial development in regions with underdeveloped economies but rich in ecological resources are arranged in sequence through the systematic coupling analysis of collaborative evaluation information and a quantitative analysis. The influences of urban space elements on sustainable urban development are disclosed. On the basis of the generated data, an evaluation system for sustainable urban spatial development with a complete set of information is proposed. The proposed system is applicable to urban spatial development evaluation in regions in China with underdeveloped economies but rich in ecological capital. First, the basic concept of system coupling is introduced, and a coupling relationship between urban sustainable development and urban space is proposed. Second, the elements of urban space and the sustainable development in the Qin-Ba mountain area are extracted, and the precedence diagram method is used to construct a sustainable evaluation system for urban space development in the Qin-Ba mountain area. Third, the sustainable evaluation process of urban spatial development is proposed. Finally, the sustainable evaluation system for urban spatial development in the Qin-Ba mountain area is applied to evaluate the urban spatial development in Shangluo, Qin-Ling Mountains, China. The results show that, among the investigated 14 indicators, the proportion of industrial land use mainly influences sustainable urban spatial development. As for the rest of the index factors, per capita green land area and green coverage ratio of built-up areas, per capita urban construction land area, proportion of forestry area, greening rate of built-up areas, total industrial dust emission density, proportion of cultivated area, and average volume fraction of residential areas are the secondary influencing factors of sustainable urban spatial development. The evaluation system in this research is constructed with the three aspects of “green coordination”, “green development”, and “green sustainability” of sustainable urban spatial development, and it complements the evaluation contents of urban–rural ecological space coordination, land resource protection, and green development community, and so on. The conclusion of this study not only can provide a useful reference for urban spatial development planning for underdeveloped ecological capital areas of China but also can provide a theoretical basis for the management and control policy of sustainable urban spatial development.

Despite the fact that India is essentially a rural society, the oriental charms of its cities are quite unique inasmuch as they are rich repositories of the country's heritage and culture. Alongside the rich endowment of natural-cultural resources, urban tourism constitutes a sizeable tourist product which demands a closer look. This paper, within the framework of urban tourism, examines some of the problems associated with urban development and urban tourism with special reference to the Nawab city of Lucknow.

Considering the increasing challenges of the current cities, the urban tourism has been proposed as a solution for solving or minimizing different problems. Including economic, social and environmental aspects, this approach can lead to the fulfillment of sustainable development theory. Accordingly, there is no doubt about the successful results of the urban tourism development and all urban managers and authorities agree on this point. Meanwhile, what threatens the success of the urban tourism development plans is to ignore the all effective factors that make effect on the quality of travel experience. In their best, the cities are projected in their public spaces, and any tourist spent a considerable part of his travel in such spaces. Thus the quality of urban spaces is an important factor on the successfulness of urban tourism development plans and hence their environmental desirability must be studied and evaluated more precise under a comprehensive approach. The main objective of this research is to answer the main question of how the effective spatial qualities on tourism are explain with regard to the social factors. Since the man and his activities are the base of the urban studies, this article uses an urban-strategic approach based on the descriptive-analytical method using library resources to study the social factors that are effective on the qualities of urban spaces. The analytical model of the research will be presented based on the theoretical studies. The results show that some qualities such as flexibility, functional diversity, physical diversity, vegetation, safety, lightening, landscape attractiveness, identity, and memorability in relation to the urban space, and social and arbitrary activities based on Gehl theory can make effect as the complementary factors of the urban tourism attraction and make effect on social factors such as vitality, sense of security, arbitrary activity, social activity and tourists sense of peace. Emphasizing on the social exchange theory, such factors can pave the way for the sustainability of urban tourism industry. The results of this research can be used in identifying and reinforcing the spatial qualities relating to the social factors that are effective on tourism in Iran. Consequently, they can be useful in the tourism development. The essential value of this article is its simultaneous focus on both spatial qualities (physical dimension) and social factors (human dimension) in relation to the tourism development. In this regard, the unidimensional attitude is rejected and the adaptation of a holistic approach to the urban tourism is highlighted.