Unraveling Endogeneity: A Systematic Review of Methodologies in Digital Leadership and Remote Work Research

Abstract

In the evolving landscape of digital leadership and remote work, methodological challenges, particularly endogeneity, have emerged as significant concerns. Endogeneity, which arises when independent variables correlate with regression error terms, can introduce biases that compromise the validity of research findings. This systematic review examines the methodological underpinnings of research in digital leadership and remote work, focusing on how studies have addressed or overlooked the challenges posed by endogeneity. Drawing from 45 seminal articles published between 2019 and 2023, the review reveals a predominant preference for quantitative approaches, with a subset exploring qualitative narratives. While 15 studies directly tackled endogeneity using rigorous methodologies, 10 did not address it, indicating potential gaps in their investigative rigor. This study not only provides clarity and direction for future research endeavors but also supports the advancement of research methodology in business and management by emphasizing the need for methodological rigor in the study of digital leadership and remote work dynamics. By systematically evaluating the methods used to address endogeneity, this research advances the field of business and management research methodology by identifying best practices and highlighting areas for improvement. Specifically, it advocates for the adoption of advanced econometric techniques, such as instrumental variables and fixed effects models, to mitigate biases and enhance the reliability of research outcomes. Furthermore, this review underscores the importance of integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches to capture the multifaceted nature of digital leadership and remote work, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of these domains. The study also highlights the influence of unobserved factors on outcomes such as employee productivity, leadership effectiveness, and team cohesiveness. In sum, this research provides a foundational framework for scholars aiming to enhance the robustness and validity of their studies in digital leadership and remote work, aligning with the broader goals of advancing research methodologies in business and management.