Abstract
Simple SummaryIt is globally recognized that emotions are important elements of farm animals’ life. However, scientific understanding regarding how to measure and interpret positive emotional states is currently lacking. This study investigated whether eye white and ear posture can reliably help in the interpretation of mood and level of excitement in dairy cows. We found that eye white and ear posture are strongly correlated, and that can be used as complementary measures to interpret emotions. Daily access to pasture has beneficial effects on cows’ emotions. Animals are more relaxed than in any other context, with most of the animals exhibiting half-closed eyes and ears hung down or backwards. The cows were found to be particularly excited during the execution of a human-animal relationship test, showing eye white clearly visible and ears directed forwards, towards the assessor. Housing has an important effect on cows’ emotions: the lower the competition for resources (i.e., in case of more feeding places or cubicles than the number of animals), the lower the level of excitement. This research is a further step towards the use of indicators able to measure emotions in dairy cows and can contribute to enhance animals’ quality of life on farm.Understanding the emotions of dairy cows is primarily important in enhancing the level of welfare and provide a better life on farm. This study explored whether eye white and ear posture can reliably contribute to interpret valence and arousal of emotions in dairy cows. The research was conducted in five Italian dairy farms. Four hundred and thirty-six photographs of cows’ heads were scored (four-level), according to the eye white and ear posture during feeding, resting, pasture, and an avoidance distance test at the feeding rack (ADF test). Eye white and ear posture were significantly correlated and influenced by the context (P = 0.001). Pasture was the most relaxing context for cows (67.8% of half-closed eyes; 77.3% ears hung down or backwards). The excitement during ADF test was high, with 44.8% of eye white being clearly visible and ears directed forwards to the approaching assessor (95.5%). Housing and management mostly influenced emotions during feeding and resting (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively): where competition for feeding places and cubicles was low, the cows showed the highest percentages of half-closed eyes and ears backwards or hung down. This research supports the use of eye white and ear posture as reliable indicators of emotions in dairy cows.
Highlights
The use of animal-based indicators to assess the welfare of farm animals is broadly accepted, as they are more indicative than resource-based measures of the actual animal experience [1]
This work aimed to investigate whether the visible eye white and ear posture can reliably contribute to interpret the valence and the arousal of emotions in dairy cows
Of 436 photographs werehad retained for eye white classification
Summary
The use of animal-based indicators to assess the welfare of farm animals is broadly accepted, as they are more indicative than resource-based measures of the actual animal experience [1]. The protocols used to assess the welfare of dairy cows mostly include animal-based indicators that evaluate physical conditions (e.g., body condition score, presence of injuries, lameness) or behaviors (e.g., agonistic interactions, social behavior). Assessment (QBA), is commonly adopted to evaluate the “Positive emotional state”. Animals 2019, 9, 477 ability of observers to judge and integrate perceived details of animals’ body language and posture into descriptors of low/high arousal and positive/negative valence. The need for extensive training of the observers and the difficulties in validating QBA in on-farm conditions may impair its use [5,6]
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