Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, primarily DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, are known to lead to certain cancers due to their effects on tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes. However, there have been limitations on how our understanding of these modifications can provide effective treatments and preventative measures for patients. This article summarises our current understanding of cancers affected by epigenetics, epigenetic therapies in the form of inhibitors, and the use of epigenetic factors as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for patients. Within the development of cancers caused by epigenetics, this article examines differences between sporadic and hereditary cases for colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancer. In terms of treatments, this article lists some of the most well-known DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors currently under clinical investigation and which cancers they have the potential to treat. Finally, this article explores the possible biomarkers for epigenetic cancers, considering cell-free DNA and microRNA. This article summarises that future studies should explore a variety of factors regarding the causes, treatments, and identification of epigenetic cancers to maximise patient care.
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