Ultrasonic–microwave synergistic liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidified floating organic droplets for extraction of histamine in beer and fish and exploration of the extraction process

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It is important to detect the presence of histamine (His) for indicating food quality. To improve the precision and accuracy of histamine detection, this study developed a novel ultrasonic–microwave synergistic liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidified floating organic droplets (UMS-SFO-LLME) to determine His in beer and fish combined with visible spectrophotometry. Through single-factor experiments and response surface Box–Behnken design, the key extraction conditions affecting UMS-SFO-LLME were systematically optimized. The results for the extraction kinetics and thermodynamics indicated that UMS-SFO-LLME is a spontaneous endothermic diffusion extraction process. The linear range of this method in combination with visible spectrophotometry for the determination of His in beer and fish is 0.3–15 mg L−1 and 1–300 mg kg−1, limit of detection is 0.1 mg L−1 and 0.3 mg kg−1, the intra-day precision is 0.86%–1.22% and 0.98%–2.11%, and the inter-day precision is 0.81%–1.75% and 1.45%–2.32%, respectively. UMS-SFO-LLME is an efficient, green and economical sample pretreatment method for determination of His in beer and fish samples.