Abstract
The ultrasonic angle-beam shear wave technique is widely used for rail flaw detection. The shear wave (SV) refraction angle is shown in this paper to be affected by the mechanical properties of the cold-worked zone on the rail head. In general, a greater amount of cold-work in the head causes a proportionate decrease in the shear wave speed in the upper layer and this decrease in speed causes a predictable change in the entrance angle for the inspection shear wave. Experimental measurements on 12 actual rail samples have shown that the deviation from the expected refraction angle is least when the beam entrance ( ie refraction) angle is in the 52° to 60° range.
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