Abstract
The last 15 years have seen the establishment of several transboundary conservation areas (TBCAs) in Africa, presenting a unique opportunity of using an integrated ecosystem approach for promoting sustainable ecosystems services. TBCAs have unique characteristics for livelihood improvement of adjacent human communities. Mountain TBCAs in Africa, are increasingly being threatened due to commercial exploitation as well as population and commercial growth, resulting in logging, conflicts and poor land use practices. This is being exacerbated by challenges of climate change. We examined the potential of the TBCA approach for the alleviation of such threats and promoting sustainable mountain development including adaptation and coping mechanisms with respect to climate change. Data and information was gathered largely through field observations, discussions and relevant secondary sources. The results revealed that: 1) While single countries have developed frontier areas within the established TBPAs there is a lack of transboundary governance that enables transboundary development of infrastructure and the sustainable management of natural resources. 2) Socio-economic development and adaptation of human communities towards climate change inside TBPAs have largely taken place as part of activities not connected to the establishment of a TBCA. In conclusion for realising the exceptional opportunities that TBPAs offer, two things are important; 1) To date, biodiversity conservation inside TBPAs has been emphasised. Sustainable livelihood improvement inside a TBPAs should be the point of departure for achieving conservation of natural resources including biodiversity. 2) The establishment of consistent transboundary governance is crucial for achieving that.
Highlights
In recent decades mountain environments have witnessed varying shocks and stress resulting from global change among others
Improved Sustainability of Ecosystem Services Depending on the characteristics of a mountain transboundary protected area (TBPA), the ecosystems services affected are mostly water and biodiversity
In cases where human communities live within a TBPA, the emphasis on and proximity of conservation areas promote the sustainable management of natural resources and the ecosystems services provided to these communities [10]
Summary
In recent decades mountain environments have witnessed varying shocks and stress resulting from global change among others. Global change is the long term change in environment and ecosystems services due to the way in which humans interact with their environment [1]. This paper adopts a broader perspective of global change but focuses more on the human related interactions in the mountains. Mountain regions are amongst the most sensitive to global change, and receding glaciers are one of the most visible indicators of global change [2]. It is argued that if current trends continue, many glaciers are expected to disappear completely by the end of the century, potentially leading to catastrophic changes in weather and water availability in surrounding regions that rely on mountain ecosystems. [3] notes that the potential for destabilization of human security from global change impacts
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