Abstract
Nowadays, the Internet of Things enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (IoT-UWSN) is suffering from serious performance restrictions, i.e., high End to End (E2E) delay, low energy efficiency, low data reliability, etc. The necessity of efficient, reliable, collision and interference-free communication has become a challenging task for the researchers. However, the minimum Energy Consumption (EC) and low E2E delay increase the performance of the IoT-UWSN. Therefore, in the current work, two proactive routing protocols are presented, namely: Bellman–Ford Shortest Path-based Routing (BF-SPR-Three) and Energy-efficient Path-based Void hole and Interference-free Routing (EP-VIR-Three). Then we formalized the aforementioned problems to accomplish the reliable data transmission in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). The main objectives of this paper include minimum EC, interference-free transmission, void hole avoidance and high Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Furthermore, the algorithms for the proposed routing protocols are presented. Feasible regions using linear programming are also computed for optimal EC and to enhance the network lifespan. Comparative analysis is also performed with state-of-the-art proactive routing protocols. In the end, extensive simulations have been performed to authenticate the performance of the proposed routing protocols. Results and discussion disclose that the proposed routing protocols outperformed the counterparts significantly.
Highlights
Nowadays, the Internet of Things Enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (IoT-UWSN)is an emerging communication framework
The Energy-efficient Path-based Void hole and Interference-free Routing (EP-VIR-Three) protocol is proposed, which selects the forwarder node by checking 3-hop neighbors information to avoid the void hole problem with enhanced Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
The Energy Consumption (EC) in Depth Adjustment (DA) creates an additional void hole which decreases the lifespan of the network [23]
Summary
The Internet of Things Enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (IoT-UWSN). The contributions of this work are: The Energy-efficient Path-based Void hole and Interference-free Routing (EP-VIR-Three) protocol is proposed, which selects the forwarder node by checking 3-hop neighbors information (the 3-hop forwarder nodes information is based on the depth difference of current and the previous node) to avoid the void hole problem with enhanced PDR. Some state-of-the-art routing protocols are reviewed and compared on the basis of some specific parameters, i.e., reliability, packet size and number of hops while communicating in an underwater environment. These routing protocols are categorized into three different categories, i.e., energy efficient routing, topology-based routing and void hole avoidance based routing. The achievements, challenges and the limitations of these routing protocols are discussed below
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