Abstract
The underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is considered a promising technology for collecting valuable data from underwater areas, particularly for aiding military operations and environmental predictions. UWSNs consist of underwater sensor nodes that have limited energy and use acoustics for communication. Routing in underwater sensor nodes is one of the challenging issues in UWSNs because of the need to forward data packets with minimal energy consumption and a high packet delivery ratio. Selecting the next forwarding nodes is one of the key components of routing in UWSNs and has a direct effect on energy consumption and the packet delivery ratio. Therefore, this problem has gained much attention from the research community with the intent of enhancing the performance of UWSNs. This paper qualitatively reviews routing protocols for UWSNs, focusing on the next-hop selection method and its strengths and weaknesses. A taxonomy is presented for reviewing routing protocols under different categories of the classification. A summary of the qualitative investigation is presented highlighting aims, the next-hop selection method, metrics, and priority considerations. A comprehensive investigation is carried out focusing on energy, link quality, void awareness, reliability, and shortest path characteristics. Finally, we discuss potential future research directions in UWSNs for forwarding node selection.
Highlights
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have earned significant attention from researchers of wireless and network communities, due to the growing use of underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) applications for a range of purposes including ocean monitoring, offshore exploration, controlling underwater mineral extraction, wildlife studies, and monitoring marine life [1,2,3,4,5]
We summarize and compare routing protocols for UWSNs based on the number of characteristics
In mobile UWSNs’ architecture, sink nodes are deployed on the water’s surface and equipped with both radio and acoustic modems, while sensor nodes are deployed at different depths of water and equipped with acoustic modems
Summary
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have earned significant attention from researchers of wireless and network communities, due to the growing use of UWSN applications for a range of purposes including ocean monitoring, offshore exploration, controlling underwater mineral extraction, wildlife studies, and monitoring marine life [1,2,3,4,5]. This study takes into account these challenges and limitations in order to analyze the efficiency of routing protocols in UWSNs. The selection of the forwarding nodes is one of the major decisions in the design of routing techniques for UWSNs and has a direct effect on the energy consumption and packet delivery ratio [4,13,14]. The design and development of reliable energy-efficient routing techniques are still being investigated to reduce the energy consumption and improve the packet delivery ratio In this context, this paper carries out a comprehensive review of routing algorithms for UWSNs, focusing on next-hop selection technology and challenging. The summary is based on different features including metrics, next-hop selection method, and priority for the best node.
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