Total Fat, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) Contents During Ecdysis process in the Crabs (Scylla serrata, Forsskal)

Market demand for mud crab (Scylla serrata) is increasing so that its catch in nature is high in the long term. The growth of mud crabs (Scylla serrata) occurs through molting (molting) mechanisms. Softshell crab has a higher economic value than hard shell crab. The purpose of this study was to assess the molting rate of mud crab (Scylla serrata) with different salinity treatments in controlled containers. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments of 20 ppt, 25 ppt, and 30 ppt salinity with three replications. The crabs used are mud crabs (Scylla serrata) measuring 80-175 grams with the carapace still hard. The test parameters include the weight gain and absolute length of the individual, daily growth rate, molting percentage, and survival and mortality rates. Besides, the chemical-chemical parameters of the culture media water and the effectiveness of using controlled containers were also observed. The research data were analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The difference in treatment and the use of controlled containers had a significant effect on the 95% significance level (α = 0.05) on all parameters of the response to treatment. Absolute individual weight values 40.6 – 47.41 grams, absolute individual length 2.6 – 3.2 cm, molting percentage 75 – 100%, daily growth rate 1.3 – 1.6 grams, 75 – 100% survival and mortality of mud crab (Scylla serrata) 25-16.7%. Optimal salinity level at 20 ppt. Water quality parameters during the study were still feasible for mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) cultivation. Controlled containers using a water rotation system are quite effective for the cultivation of mud crab (Scylla serrata).

Muscle changes in hard and soft shell crabs during frozen storage

This study aims to (1) analyze the impact of Permen KP RI No. 1/PERMEN-KP/2015 against the decrease/increase of the amount of volume, frequency and value of interprovincial domestic trade of lobster ( Panulirus spp), crab ( Scylla serrata ) and small crab ( Portunus pelagicus ) commodities; (2) to analyze the causes of the offense of smuggling attempts by large inter-provincial traders of lobster ( Panulirus spp), crab ( Scylla serrata ) and small crab ( Portunus pelagicus ) commodities; and (3) to analyze the impact of Permen KP RI No.1/PERMEN-KP/2015 against the marketing channels of trade of lobster ( Panulirus spp), crab ( Scylla serrata ) and small crab ( Portunus pelagicus ) commodities and trade organizations involved in domestic trade of the three commodities. This thesis study activities were carried out in the province of South Kalimantan. The data collected were data sourced directly from the observation in the study site, and other supporting data relating to the object of study. The results of this study: (1) Impact of Permen KP RI No. 1/PERMEN-KP/2015 are as follows: (a) it has an effect of significantly reducing the volume, frequency and value of inter-provincial domestic trade of live crab ( Scylla serrata ) and small fresh crab ( Portunus pelagicus ) commodities, (b) it has an effect of significantly reducing the volume and value of trade and has no significant effect on the frequency of inter-provincial domestic trade of soft-shelled crab commodity ( Scylla serrata ); (c) it has no impact on inter-provincial domestic trade of fresh/frozen lobster commodities ( Panulirus spp); (d) it has no significant effect on the volume, frequency and value of inter-provincial domestic trade of crab meat ( Scylla serrata ), small crab meat ( Portunus pelagicus ), fresh/boiled crab ( Scylla serrata ) and live lobsters ( Panulirus spp) commodities. (2) The occurrence of repeated violations in the form of an attempt smuggling by entrepreneurs (wholesalers) of inter-provincial domestic sender of crab ( Scylla serrata ) and small crab ( Portunus pelagicus ) in South Kalimantan caused by less strict actions and sanctions in accordance with applicable laws and regulations as well as the background of route system purchase (overall purchase) in the marketing chain. (3) Permen KP RI No. 1/PERMEN-KP/2015 affects on the forming of a new pattern of marketing chart and new institution in commodities trading of live crab ( Scylla serrata ), soft-shelled crabs ( Scylla serrata ) and small fresh crab ( Portunus pelagicus ) after the application of these rules.

Abstract. Mud crab shells contain chitin which can be converted into chitosan. Co-processed excipient or combining two or more excipient ingredients can increase the compressibility, compactibility of tablets. This research aims to formulate the active ingredient chitosan which is synthesized from mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells and then make chitosan tablets with a co-processed excipient consisting of two variations of primogel. The difference in formula, namely F1 (primogel 4%) and F2 (primogel 8%) was then seen as to its effect on the physical quality of the tablet. The tablet printing method is direct compression. The physical quality of the tablets was evaluated and the results showed that the formula met the test requirements for tablet weight uniformity, friability, hardness, disintegration time but did not meet the requirements for tablet size uniformity. Then the evaluation results of the co-processed excipient met the specifications for the flow speed test, angle of repose, compressibility index, Hausner ratio, water content test and particle size distribution. Thus, it can be concluded that chitosan from mangrove crab shells (Scylla serrata) can be formulated into tablet preparations from co-processed excipients using the direct compression method but there is no significant difference between Primogel 4% and 8% as a crushing agent on the characteristics of chitosan tablets. mud crab (Scylla serrata) shell. Kata Kunci: Chitosan; Co-processed Excipients; Primogel; Scylla serrata ;Tablets

Synthesis of chitosan sulfate from crab (Scylla Serrata) shell and its application as Remazol Yellow FG dye adsorbent has been studied. This experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of chitin from crab shell to be converted into chitosan sulfate and to study the adsorption of chitosan sulfate by Remazol Yellow FG dye. Isolation of chitin from crab shell was done by deproteination and demineralization process. Chitin had been converted into chitosan using demineralization process. Chitosan sulfate was made by reacting chitosan with 1 M ammonium sulfate solution. Characterizations of the chitosan are involving determination of degree of deacetylation. Functional group of chitin, chitosan and chitosan sulfate were determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The dye adsorption of chitosan sulfate was analyzed with UV-Vis spectroscopy. The result showed that rendement of chitin, chitosan and chitosan sulphate were 28.57%, 52.5% and 92%. The degree of deacetilation of chitin and chitosan were 80 – 90% and 70 – 80%. Remazol Yellow FG was adsopr 76.5%.

The aim of this research into analysis production factors to production level and to analysis conducting operating revenues crab culture (Scylla sp) at Sei Lepan Sub-district in Langkat District. Method that is utilized is logistic production Cobb Douglass and data that is utilized is crab farmer production and income data up to a year 2012. Analysis result Cobb Douglass point out that logistic model estimation production which is: Ln Prod = 0,040 + 0,022 Ln Ll – 0,102 Ln Tkdk + 0,005 Ln Tklk + 0,995 Ln Bb. Its outgrows appreciative Return to Scale (RTS) are 0,92. So RTS< 1 (Decreasing return to scale). Determinant coefficient 0,990 explain that percentage of independent variable regard dependent's variable as big as 99,0% and hypothesis that declares for that variable stocks down and far ranging positive ascendant farm and signifikan to soft shell crab production (Scylla sp) accepted. Income average crab farmer soft shell crab (Scylla sp) year long production as big as Rp. 11.709.511,- . Mean while of arithmetic average R / C ratio crab aquaculture effort soft shell crab is gotten = 1,10 its means that effort is reasonable to be carried on. Keyword : crab (Scylla sp), production, income, Cobb Douglass

In vitro and in silico studies of the potential cytotoxic, antioxidant, and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory effects of chitin from Indonesia mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells

The test material originated from a field experiment conducted in 2010-2013, at the Experimental Farm in Felin (51°22’ N, 22°64’ E), which belongs to the University if Life Sciences in Lublin. A two-factor experiment was conducted in randomised blocks with 4 replicates. The chemical composition of grain of 4 wheat species was analysed: common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum L.) cv. Tonacja, durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cv. Komnata, spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta (L.) Thell.) cv. Schwabenkorn, and einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) line PL 5003 (material acquired from the National Centre of the Plant Gene Pool), grown at different production technology intensity (medium and high level of cultivation technology). The analyses on wheat grain included the content of total protein, crude ash, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc. The results were subjected to an analysis of variance, while the differences were estimated by the Tukey’s test at the significance level of p = 0.05. In order to identify the correlations and relationships between selected grain quality traits, an analysis of multiple correlation was employed and coefficients of variation were calculated (CV, %). Einkorn wheat proved to have the highest levels of protein, fat, ash, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese. Among the remaining genotypes, common wheat had the highest levels of carbohydrates and fibre. Irrespective of the genotype, more intensive chemical weed and pest control and nitrogen fertilisation had a favourable effect dr hab. Leszek Rachon, Department of Plant Production Technology and Commodities Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: leszek. rachon@up.lublin.pl * The research was conducted as part of project Nr N N310 306839 and supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

The chemical composition of 4 spring wheat species was analyzed: einkorn (Triticum monococcum) (local cv.), emmer (Triticum dicoccon) (Lamella cv.), spelt (Triticum spelta) (Wirtas cv.), and common wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Rospuda cv.). Mean emmer and einkorn yield was significantly lower than that of common wheat. The analyses of the wheat grain included the content of total protein, crude ash, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The grains of the tested ancient wheats were richer in protein, lipids, crude fibre, and crude ash than the common wheat grains. The significantly highest levels of crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash were found in einkorn. As the protein concentration in the grain increased, the calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels increased, and the zinc and manganese levels decreased. Genotypic differences between the studied wheats were reflected in the concentrations of the minerals and nutrients, an observation which can be useful in further cross-linkage studies. Dough made from common wheat and spelt flour showed better performance quality classifying it to be used for bread production. In turn, flour from emmer and einkorn wheat may be intended for pastry products, due to short dough development time and constancy as well as high softening.

Trace element-based food value evaluation in soft and hard shelled mud crabs

One of the fishery commodities in the mangrove forest area that has the potential to be cultivated in the mangrove crab (Scylla serrata). The local and international market demand for soft shell mud crab from year to year tends to increase. Most of the efforts to meet the needs of softshell crab still rely on catches from nature where availability is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the long molting time of mud crab (Scylla serrata) fed trash feed and feed fed with spinach extract using natural methods and popeye. This research is experimental using a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of the natural method with trash feed, the natural method with spinach extract feed, the popeye method with trash feed, and the popeye method with spinach extract feed. The crabs used are mud crabs with the hard carapace. The test parameter is the length of time for mud crab molting, which is calculated starting from the hard-shelled crab to molting. The data obtained in the form of differences in the length of time for mud crab molting using various treatments were analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The results of this study indicate that the popeye method with spinach extract feed is the treatment that produces the best molting time, which is 14-21 days compared to other treatments.

Excess Dietary Zinc for the Maternal Rat, and Zinc, Iron, Copper, Calcium, and Magnesium Content and Enzyme Activity in Maternal and Fetal Tissues

This study aimed to prove the feasibility of Philippine mud crab (Scylla serrata) and tahong (Perna viridis) shells in treating heavy metal content of surface water through the removal of lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Surface water samples were collected at Pasig River (at the deepest point at Guadalupe, Makati City, Philippines). The surface water samples were then treated with varying biosorbent dosages and contact time. Based on statistical tests, there was a significant difference in the Pb and Cr concentrations between treated and untreated surface water, this means that both S. serrata and P. viridis shells were effective in absorbing Pb and Cr. However, S. serrata shells were more effective in absorbing Pb while P. viridis shells proved to absorb more Cr content in surface water.

The cultivation of mud crabs is growing to get crabs in the soft shell condition. But most of the soft shell crab's farmers do not experience sustainable business. The main obstacle is the length of the maintenance period and moulting time does not unison thereby causing the feed and operating costs to be high. The research aimed to examine the effect of injection with forest fern leaf extract on growth rate and moulting speed of mangrove crabs (Scylla serrata) and determine the best dose in the process of injecting forest Fern Leaf extract for mangrove crab (Scylla serrata). Treatment of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) weight ± 100 g with dose: P1 (NaCL 0.9%) P2 (50 mg.L-1) P3 (75 mg.L-1) P4 (100 mg.L-1) P5 (125 mg.L-1) 5 crabs each are cared for 30 days, The research was conducted using a single complete random draft (RAL), the results of various analyses showed the significant forest fern leaf extract against the growth of absolute weights, the rate of Specific growth, and relative growth, but no noticeable effect for molting speed and absolute length growth. The results of this research showed that a dose of 125 mg.L-1produces the highest value with result for moulting speed of 0.50 ± 0.57, length absolute growth of 0.37 ± 0.1 weighted absolute growth of 20 ± 5,74, specific growth rate of 0.54 ± 0.13, and relative growth of 0.64 ± 0.18.

Avicennia marina leaf extract is known to suppress the activity of Vibrio spp. using solvent klorform and methanol. Therefore, the authors conducted a further study using different solvents. This research interest determine the ability of extracts of A. marina in suppressing the activity of Vibrio spp. isolated from mud crab (Scylla serrata). A. Marina leaf take in Pantai Amal Lama, The process of extraction, isolation and testing of clear zone performed at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Borneo Tarakan. Stages of research are: manufacture A. marina leaf extract, isolation, culture of Vibrio spp., and data analysis. The study consisted of 6 treatments, blank control, negative control, positive control, A. marina leaf extract concentration of 15%, 25% and 35%, A. marina leaf extract in each treatment were significantly different (P <0.05). Diameter of clear zone produced at a concentration of 15% obtained an average value of 12.25 ± 5.37 mm, at a concentration of 25% 24.4 ± 1.41 mm, at a concentration of 35% 30.37 ± 0.95 mm. While the positive control 42.5 ± 0:00 mm. But the blank control and negative controls do not form clear zones. Based on these results it can be concluded that there are indications A. marina leaf extract in suppressing the activity of Vibrio spp. were tested in vitro. Keywords : Lea f of A. marina, Vibrio spp., Mangrove crab s (Scylla serrata), in Vitro