Abstract
Cup-plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) stalks were investigated as a potential wood-replacement in particleboards (PBs). Two types of PBs were produced—(1) single-layer and (2) three-layer boards. In the three-layer cup-plant PB, the core layer was made from cup-plant, while the surface layer consisted of spruce particles. The cup-plant as well as spruce control panels were produced with polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) as the adhesive, with the physical and mechanical properties measured to meet class P1 of the European EN 312 standard. For the intrinsic morphology of the particleboards, scanning electron microscopy was applied. Wood-based and cup-plant-based particleboards indicated significant differences in morphology that affect the resulting properties of particleboards. Furthermore, an innovative approach was used in the determination of the pMDI bondline morphology. With a compact Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass analyser, integrated in a multifunctional focused-ion beam scanning-electron-microscope, it was possible to show that the Ga+ ion source could be detect and visualize in 3D ion molecular clusters specific to pMDI adhesive and wood. Mechanical performance data showed that cup-plant particleboards performed well, even though their properties were below the spruce-made controls. Especially the modulus of rupture (MOR) of the cup-plant PB was lowered by 40%, as compared to the spruce-made control board. Likewise, thickness swelling of cup-plant made boards was higher than the control. Results were linked to the specific porous structure of the cup-plant material. In contrast, it was shown that three-layer cup-plant PB had a higher MOR and also a higher modulus of elasticity, along with lower thickness swelling, compared to its single-layer cup-plant counterpart. The industry relevant finding was that the three-layer PB made from cup-plant stalks fulfilled the EN 312 standard, class P1 (usage in dry conditions). It was shown that raw material mixtures could be useful to improve the mechanical panel performance, also with an altered vertical density profile.
Highlights
Wood is the traditional and prime raw material in particleboards production since1887, and annual production volumes in Europa exceed 30 million m3 [1]
Non-wood materials could be utilized in particleboard (PB) production, which have the advantages of achieving higher resource-effectiveness, at ecologically and economically viable conditions
While agricultural crops are primarily cultivated for food, for various chemical products, or for biogas production [3], unutilized plant parts could be potentially processed to PBs
Summary
Wood is the traditional and prime raw material in particleboards production since1887, and annual production volumes in Europa exceed 30 million m3 [1]. Wood is the traditional and prime raw material in particleboards production since. Considering the high production volumes, declining stocks of natural resources [2], i.e., possible future wood shortage situations, could play important roles. As the use of potentially contaminated waste wood in particleboards reaches 90% in some European countries, it could create environmental concerns, with a higher request for alternative non-contaminated materials. Non-wood materials could be utilized in particleboard (PB) production, which have the advantages of achieving higher resource-effectiveness, at ecologically and economically viable conditions. The utilization of waste materials in industrial production is reducing environmental burdens, as residues such as stalks, husks, or straw are often left on the fields, or even burned
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