Timing and Weather Offer Alternative Mitigation Strategies for Lowering Bat Mortality at Wind Energy Facilities in Ontario.

Kelly A Squires,J Ryan Zimmerling,Charles M Francis,Bethany G Thurber

doi:10.3390/ani11123503

Kelly A Squires, J Ryan Zimmerling + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123503

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Abstract

Simple SummaryWind farms represent one of the largest sources of anthropogenic mortality for bats. Wind proponents attempt to mitigate these effects via operational curtailment, such that wind energy is not produced on nights with low wind speeds during the late summer and fall. Our study modeled bat activity and mortality on two timescales (nightly and seasonally) and in response to a range of weather variables. We showed that bat mortality risks could be lowered and opportunities for wind energy production can be increased by focusing curtailment efforts to the periods of the night and year when bats are most active and by considering a wider range of weather variables, compared to standard curtailment strategies.Relatively high mortality of migratory bats at wind energy facilities has prompted research to understand the underlying spatial and temporal factors, with the goal of developing more effective mitigation approaches. We examined acoustic recordings of echolocation calls at 12 sites and post-construction carcass survey data collected at 10 wind energy facilities in Ontario, Canada, to quantify the degree to which timing and regional-scale weather predict bat activity and mortality. Rain and low temperatures consistently predicted low mortality and activity of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and three species of migratory tree bats: hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), eastern red bat (L. borealis), and silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans). Bat activity occurred in waves with distinct peaks through the season; regardless of seasonal timing, most activities occurred in the first half of the night. We conclude that wind energy facilities could adopt a novel and more effective curtailment strategy based on weather and seasonal and nocturnal timing that would minimize mortality risks for bats while increasing the opportunities for power generation, relative to the mitigation strategy of increasing cut-in wind speed to 5.5 m/s.

Highlights

Significant numbers of bats are killed at wind energy facilities, leading to concerns that this source of anthropogenic mortality may cause population declines in some species [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Our results are consistent with other studies [14,27] showing a negative effect of wind speed on bat activity, but we found that only the mortality of hoary bats was related to wind speed
Temperature, rain, and wind speed predicted bat activity and mortality across four bat species with high mortality rates at wind turbines in southwestern Ontario

Summary

Introduction

Significant numbers of bats are killed at wind energy facilities, leading to concerns that this source of anthropogenic mortality may cause population declines in some species [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. In response to the high rate of mortality at wind energy facilities, post-construction mitigation is required in many jurisdictions. The majority of bat mortality has been reported in the late summer and fall [10], which is the same period for which Ontariobased wind energy facilities implement operational curtailment when post-construction monitoring data indicate that a given project must do so [18]. Curtailment based on wind speeds reduces, but does not eliminate, bat mortality at wind energy facilities [19,20]. Experimental studies show that reductions in mortality range from about 50–70% (e.g., 50–70% in Alberta [16]; 47% in West Virginia [21]; 62% in Vermont [22]; 63% throughout North American wind farms [23])

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