Abstract
The vast implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) greatly depends on developing sustainable and green EV charging stations. This study pro-poses to develop and assess an off-grid and renewable energy-driven EV charging station, which is hybridized with hydrogen and ammonia fuel cells. Chemical energies of hydrogen and ammonia are stored in the stor-age tanks to be used in the hydrogen and ammonia fuel cells. The de-signed hybrid system is capable of storing energy in the chemical form when there is excess production. Ammonia is stored in liquid form rather than gaseous form, which reduces the storage tank capacity considerably and decreases the losses. The designed system, which includes a wind turbine, concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and fuel cells, can produce about 1.1 MW of power and 15.46 MWh of electricity in a single day, corresponding to about 294 number of EVs. In addition, the hybrid sys-tem can charge up to 644 EVs if the ammonia feed rate is increased to 0.1 kg/s. The fuel cells are capable of generating about 80% of the charging station. The effects of important key parameters such as wind speed, so-lar irradiance and fuel supply rates are investigated to observe the im-pacts on the overall system.
Highlights
The vast implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) greatly depends on developing sustainable and green EV charging stations
The increasing demand for cleaner transportation means make the electric vehicle (EV) industry innovative to find alternative solutions. It is reported in the literature [1] that if the EVs or Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PHEV) are charged from conventional energy sources, they are still pollutant in the whole life cycle
As the electricity is typically produced from fossil fuel combustion such as natural gas and coal [2], there is a concern on the expansion of EVs if the power production trend remains the same [3]
Summary
The vast implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) greatly depends on developing sustainable and green EV charging stations. The increasing demand for cleaner transportation means make the electric vehicle (EV) industry innovative to find alternative solutions It is reported in the literature [1] that if the EVs or Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PHEV) are charged from conventional energy sources, they are still pollutant in the whole life cycle. Considering thousands of EVs are charged at the same time via fast-chargers, there occurs a great stress on the power grid, which can cause intermittency or failure It will affect the overall electricity distribution structure [5] because there will be a sudden high demand causing an overloaded [15]. This is one of the main aspects of proposing a stand-alone charging station as in this study
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