Abstract
For an integral understanding of the Crusades, this study evaluates the Crusades both “from within” and “from without,” by examining the views of two contemporaries of the Crusades: Pope Urban II, the so-called founding father of crusading, and Alī ibn āhir al-Sulamī, a Muslim jurist from Damascus. The crusading pope and the Muslim faqīh guide us to a proper comprehension of the Crusades by refusing to judge the entire movement on the basis of the most recent expression of crusading activity, and they allow us to view the Crusades from Rome and Damascus during the formative period of their development.
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