Abstract

EFSA JournalVolume 7, Issue 1 922 OpinionOpen Access The usefulness of total concentrations and pore water concentrations of pesticides in soil as metrics for the assessment of ecotoxicological effects - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR) European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.922Citations: 2 Panel members: Damia Barcelo Culleres, Jos Boesten, Claudia Bolognesi, Alan Boobis, Arne Büchert, Ettore Capri, David Coggon, Anthony Hardy, Andy Hart, Herbert Köpp, Matthias Liess, Robert Luttik, Otto Meyer, Stella Michaelidou-Canna, Mark Montforts, Angelo Moretto, Markus Müller, Bernadette Ossendorp, Walter Steurbaut, Maria Tasheva, Christiane Vleminckx. Acknowledgement: The European Food Safety Authority wishes to thank the members of the Working Group on the Revision of the Persistence in Soil Guidance Document / Ecotox (Bugs) for the preparation of this Scientific Opinion: Jos Boesten, Ettore Capri, John Jensen, Christine Kula, Matthias Liess, Robert Luttik, Mark Montforts, Willie Peijnenburg, Jörg Römbke and José Paulo Sousa. Adoption date: 10 December 2008 Published date: 23 January 2009 Question number: EFSA-Q-2008-429 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Allan, I.J., Semple, K.T, Hare, R. and Reid, B.J., 2006. Prediction of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in spiked soils using cyclodextrin extraction. Environmental Pollution 144, 562– 571. Arthur, C.L. and Pawliszyn, J., 1990. Solid Phase Microextraction with Thermal Desorption Using Fused Silica Optical Fibers. Anal. Chem. 62, 2145– 2148. Booij, K., Sleiderink, H.M. and Smedes, F., 1998. Calibrating the uptake kinetics of semipermeable membrane devices using exposure standards. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17, 1236– 1245. Braida, W.J., White, J.C., Zhao, D., Ferrandino, F.J. and Pignatello, J.J., 2002. Concentration-dependent kinetics of pollutant desorption from soils. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21, 2573– 2580 Chung, N. and Alexander, M., 1998. Differences in sequestration and bioavailability of organic compounds aged in dissimilar soils. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 855– 860. Chung, N. and Alexander, M., 1999. Effect of concentration on sequestration and bioavailability of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology 33, 3605– 3608. Cornelissen, G., van Noort, P.C.M. and Govers, H.A.J., 1997. Desorption kinetics of chlorobenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls: sediment extraction with Tenax® and effects of contact time and solute hydrophobicity. Environmental Science and Technology 16, 1351– 1357. Cornelissen, G., Rigterink, H., Ferdibnandy, M.M.A. and van Noort, P.C.M., 1998. Rapidly desorbing fractions of PAHs in contaminated sediments as a predictor of the extent of bioremediation. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 966– 970. Cornelissen, G., Ten Hulscher, Th.E.M., Rigterink, H., Vrind, B.A. and van Noort, P.C.M., 2001. A simple Tenax method to determine the chemical availability of sediment-sorbed organic compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 706– 711. Cuypers, C., Grotenhuis, T., Joziasse, J. and Rulkens, W., 2000. Rapid persulfate oxidation predicts PAH bioavailability in soils and sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 2057– 2063. Cuypers, C., Pancras, T., Grotenhuis, T. and Rulkens, W., 2002. The estimation of PAH bioavailability in contaminated sediments using hydroxypropyl-[beta]-cyclodextrin and Triton X-100 extraction techniques. Chemosphere 46, 1235– 1245. De la Cal, A., Kuster, M., Lopez de Alda, E., Eljarrat and Barceló D., 2008. Evaluation of the aquatic passive sampler Chemcatcher for the monitoring of highly hydrophobic compounds in water. Talanta 79, 327– 332. Dumestre, A., McBride, M. and Baveye, P., 2000. Use of EPR to monitor the distribution and availability of organic xenobiotics in model soil systems. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 1259– 1264. Gunold, R., Schäfer, R.B., Paschke, A., Schüürmann, G. and Liess, M., 2008. Calibration of the Chemcatcher passive sampler for monitoring selected polar and semi-polar pesticides in surface water. Environmental Pollution 155, 52– 60. Greenwood, R., Mills, G.A., Vrana, B., Allan, I., Aguilar-Martinez, R. and Morrison, G., 2007. Monitoring of priority pollutants in water using Chemcatcher passive sampling devices. IN: R. Greenwood, G. Mills, B. Vrana (Eds), 2007. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 48. pp 199– 229. Hawthorne, S.B., Björklund, E., Bowadt, S. and Mathiasson, L., 1999. Determining sorption desorption behavior on sediments using selective supercritical fluid extraction 3. Sorption from water. Environmental Science and Technology 33, 3152– 3159. Heringa, M.B. and Hermens, J.L.M., 2003. Measurement of free concentrations using negligible depletion solid phase microextraction (nd-SPME). Trends in Analytical Chemistry 22, 575– 587. Huckins, J. N., Tubergen, M.W. and Manuweera, G.K., 1990. Semipermeable membrane devices containing model lipid: A new approach to monitoring the bioavailability of lipophilic contaminants and estimating their bioconcentration potential. Chemosphere 20, 533– 552. Jensen, J. and Mesman, M., 2006. Ecological risk assessment of contaminated land, decision support for site specific investigations. ISBN 90-6960-138-9, Report 711701047, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, pp 136. Jonker, M.T. and Koelmans, A.A., 2001 Polyoxymethylene solid phase extraction as a partitioning method for hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediment and soot. Environmental science & technology 35, 3742– 8. Ke, R., Xu, Y., Wang, Z. and Khan, S., 2006. Estimation of the uptake rate constants for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated by semipermeable membrane devices and triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 3906– 3911 Kelsey, J.W., Kottler, B.D. and Alexander, M., 1997. Selective chemical extract to predict bioavailability of soil-aged organic chemicals. Environmental Science and Technology 31, 214– 217. Lee, S., Gan, J., Liu, W.P. and Anderson, M.A., 2003. Evaluation of KD underestimation using solid phase microextraction. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 5597– 5602. Leslie, H.A., Ter Laak, T.L., Busser, F.J.M., Kraak, M.H.S. and Hermens, J.L.M., 2002a. Bioconcentration of organic chemicals: is a solid-phase microextraction fiber a good surrogate for biota? Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 5399– 5404. Leslie, H.A., Oosthoek, A.J.P., Busser, F.J.M., Kraak, M.H.S. and Hermens, J.L M., 2002b, Biomimetic solid-phase microextraction to predict body residues and toxicity of chemicals that act by narcosis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 229– 234. Liste, H.H. and Alexander, M., 2002. Butanol extraction to predict bioavailability of PAHs in soil. Chemosphere 46, 1011– 1017. Liu, J., Jönsson, J. and Mayer, P., 2005. Equilibrium Sampling of Freely Dissolved Chlorophenols in Water Samples with Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane. Anal. Chem. 77, 4800– 4809. Loibner, A.P., Gartner, M., Schlegl, M., Hautzenberger, I. and Braun, R., 1997. PAHs: Rapid estimation of their bioavailability in soil. In: B.C. Alleman, A. Leeson (Editors) In situ and on-site bioremediation. Vol. 5. Batelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America. pp 617– 622. Loibner, A.P., Szolar, O., Schlegl, M., Gartner, M. and Braun, R., 1998. Bioavailability of PAHs in soil and ecotoxicological considerations. In: Contaminated soil '98. Vol. 2. Thomas Telford, London, United Kingdom. pp 797– 799. Lüers, F. and Ten Hulscher, D.E.M., 1996. Temperature effect on the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between natural organic carbon and water. Chemosphere 33, 643– 657. Macrae, J.D. and Hall, K.J., 1998. Comparison of methods used to determine the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 3809– 3815. Mayer, P., Tolls, J., Hermens, J.L.M. and Mackay, D., 2003. Equilibrium sampling devices. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 184A– 191A. Morrison, D.E., Robertson, B. K. and Alexander, M., 2000. Bioavailability to Earthworms of Aged DDT, DDE, DDD, and Dieldrin in Soil. Environmental Science & Technology 34, 709– 713. Nam, K., Chung, N. and Alexander, M., 1998. Relationship between organic matter content of soil and the sequestration of phenanthrene. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 3785– 3788. Northcott, G.L. and Jones, K.C., 2001. Partitioning, extractability, and formation of nonextractable PAH residues in soil. 2. Effects on compound dissolution behavior. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 1111– 1117. Oen, A.M.P., Schaanning, M., Ruus, A., Cornelissen, G., Källqvist, T. and Breedveld, G.D., 2006. Predicting low biota to sediment accumulation factors of PAHs by using infinite-sink and equilibrium extraction methods as well as BC-inclusive modeling. Chemosphere 64, 1412– 1420. Pignatello, J.J., 1991. Desorption of tetrachloroethene and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane from aquifer sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10, 1399– 1404. Pörschmann, J., Blasber, L., Mackenzie, K. and Harting, P., 1998. Application of surfactants to the supercritical fluid extraction of nitroaromatic compounds from sediments. Journal of Chromatography A 816, 221– 232. Ramos, E.U., Meijer, S.N., Vaes, W.H.J., Verhaar, H.J.M. and Hermens, J.L.M., 1998. Using solid phase microextraction to determine partition coefficients to humic acids and bioavailable concentrations of hydrophobic chemicals. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 3430– 3435. Reid, B.J., Jones, K.C., and Semple, K.T., 2000. Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Soils and Sediments - a perspective on mechanisms, consequences and assessment. Environmental Pollution 108, 103– 112. Reid, B.J., Stokes, J.D., Jones, K.C. and Semple, K.T., 2000. Nonexhaustive Cyclodextrin-Based Extraction Technique for the Evaluation of PAH Bioavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3174– 3179. Sijm, D., Kraaij, R. and Belfroid, A., 2000. Bioavailability in soil or sediment: exposure of different organisms and approaches to study it. Environ. Poll. 108, 113– 119. Södergren, A. 1987. Solvent-filled dialysis membranes simulate uptake of pollutants by aquatic organisms. Environmental Science and Technology 21, 855– 859. Stokes, J. D., Wilkinson, A., Reid, B.J., Jones, K.C. and Semple, K.T., 2005. Prediction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in Contaminated Soils Using an Aqueous Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin Extraction Technique. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24, 1325– 1330. Swindell, A.L. and Reid, B.J., 2006. Influence of diesel concentration on the fate of phenanthrene in soil. Environmental Pollution 140, 79– 86. Tang, J. and Alexander, M., 1999. Mild extractability and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 2711– 2714. Tang, J, Robertson, K.B. and Alexander, M., 1999. Chemical extraction methods to estimate bioavailability of DDT, DDE and DDD in soil. Environmental Science and Technology 33, 4346– 4351. Tang, J., Liste, H.H. and Alexander, M., 2002. Chemical assays of availability to earthworms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Chemosphere 48, 35– 42. Tao, S., Guo, L.Q., Wang, X., Liu, W.X., Ju, T.Z., Dawson, R., Cao, J., Xu, F.L. and Li, B.G., 2004. Use of sequential ASE extraction to evaluate the bioavailability of DDT and its metabolites to wheat roots in soils with various organic carbon contents. Science of the Total Environment 320, 1– 9. Ten Hulscher, Th.E.M., Postma, J., Den Besten, P.J., Stroomberg, G.J., Belfroid, A., Wegener, J.W., Faber, J.H., van der Pol, J.J.C., Hendriks, A.J. and van Noort, P.C.M., 2003. Tenax extraction mimics benthic and terrestrial bioavailability of organic compounds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10, 2258– 2265. Ter Laak, T.L., Durjava, M., Struijs, J. and Hermens, J.L.M., 2005. Solid phase dosing and sampling technique to determine partition coefficients of hydrophobic chemicals in complex matrixes. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 3736– 3742. Ter Laak, T.L., Barendregt, A. and Hermens, J L.M., 2006. Freely dissolved pore water concentrations and sorption coefficients of PAHs in spiked, aged, and field-contaminated soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 2184– 2190. Verbruggen, E.M.J., Vaes, W.H.J., Parkerton, T.F. and Hermens, L.M., 2000. Polyacrylate coated SPME fibres as a tool to simulate body residues and target concentrations of complex organic mixtures for estimation of baseline toxicity. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 324– 331. Volkering, F., Breure, A.M. and Rulkens, W.H., 1998. Microbiological Aspects of Surfactant Use for Biological Soil Remediation. Biodegradation 8, 401– 417. Vrana, B., Mills, G.A., Dominiak, E. and Greenwood, R., 2006. Calibration of the Chemcatcher passive sampler for the monitoring of priority organic pollutants in water. Environmental Pollution 142, 333– 343. Wahle, U., and Kördel, W., 1997. Development of analytical methods for the assessment of ecotoxicological relevant soil contamination. Part A. Development und improvement of soils extraction methods for the determination of the bioavailable parts of contaminants: Dedicated to Prof. Werner Klein on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1997). Chemosphere, 35, 223– 237. Wal, L. van der, Jager, T., Fleuren, R.H.L.J., Barendregt, A., Sinnige, T.L., van Gestel, C.A.M. and Hermens, J.L.M., 2004. Solid Phase microextraction to predict bioavailability and accumulation of organic micropollutants in terrestrial organisms after exposure to a field-contaminated soil. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 4842– 4848. Weber Jr., W. J. and Young, T.M., 1997. A Distributed Reactivity Model for Sorption by Soils and Sediments. 6. Mechanistic Implications of Desorption under Supercritical Fluid Conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 31, 1686– 1691. Bruus Pedersen, M., van Gestel, C.A.M. and Elmegaard, N., 2000. Effects of copper on reproduction of two collembolan species exposed through soil, food, and water. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry 19, 2579– 2588. Houx, N.W.H. and Aben, W.J.M., 1993. Bioavailability of pollutants to soil organisms via the soil solution. Science Total Environment Supplement, 387– 395. Houx, N.W.H., Dekker, A., Kammen-Polman, A.M.M.V. and Ronday, R., 1996. Acute toxicity test for terrestrial hazard assessment with exposure of Folsomia candida to pesticides in an aqueous medium. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30, 9– 14. Krogh, P.H., 1995. Does a heterogeneous distribution of food or pesticide affect the outcome of toxicity tests with Collembola? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 30, 158– 163. Linden, A.M.A. van der, Boesten, J.J.T.I., Brock, T.C.M., van Eekelen, G.M.A., Ter Horst, M.M.S., De Jong, F.M.W., Montforts, M.H.M.M. and Pol, J.W., 2008. Revised proposal for the risk assessment of persistence of plant protection products in soil. RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, 2008. RIVM report 601712003/2008. Martikainen, E.A.T. and Krogh, P.H., 1999. Effects of soil organic matter content and temperature on toxicity of dimethoate to Folsomia fimetaria (Collembola: Isotomiidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 865– 872. Ronday, R. and Houx, N.W.H., 1996. Suitability of seven species of soil-inhabiting invertebrates for testing of pesticides in soil pore water. Pedobiologia 40, 106– 112. Ronday, R., Kammen-Polman, A.M.M.V., Dekker, A., Houx, N.W.H. and Leistra, M., 1997. Persistence and toxicological effects of pesticides in topsoil: Use of the equilibrium partitioning theory Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 601– 607. Yazgan, M.S., Wilkins, R.M., Sykas, C. and Hoque, E., 2005. Comparison of two methods for estimation of soil sorption for imidacloprid and carbofuran. Chemosphere 60, 1325– 1331. Al Kuisi, M., 2002. Adsorption of dimethoate and 2,4-D on Jordan Valley soils and their environmental impacts. Environmental Geology 42, 666– 671. Beltran, J., Hernandez, F., Lopez, F.J. and Morell, I., 1995. Study of sorption processes of selected pesticides on soils and ceramic porous cups used for soil solution sampling. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry 58, 287– 303. Bockting, G.J.M., van de Plassche, E.J., Struijs, J. and Canton, J.H., 1993. Soil-water partitioning coefficients for organic compounds. Bilthoven, the Netherlands: RIVM. RIVM Report 679101013. Canton, J.H., Linders, J.B.H.J., Luttik, R., Mensink, B.J.W.G., Panman, E., van de Plassche E.J., Sparenburg, P.M. and Tuinstra, J., 1991. Catch-up operation on old pesticides: an integration. Bilthoven, the Netherlands: RIVM. RIVM Report 678801002. Dell Site, A., 2001. Factors affecting sorption of organic compounds in natural sorbent/water systems and sorption coefficients for selected pollutants. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 30, 187– 439. Farahani, G.H.N., Zakaria, Z., Kuntom, A., Omar, D. and Ismail, B.S., 2007. Adsorption and desorption of carbofuran in Malaysian soils. Advances in Environmental Biology 1, 20– 26. Hernández-Soriano, M.C., Peña, A. and Dolores Mingorance, M., 2007. Retention of organophosphorous insecticides on a calcareous soil modified by organic amendments and a surfactant. Science of the Total Environment 379, 109– 113. Hsieh, T.-L. and Kao, M.-M., 1998. Adsorption of carbofuran on lateritic soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials 58, 275– 284. Krishna, K.R. and Philip, L., 2008. Adsorption and desorption characteristics of lindane, carbofuran and methyl parathion on various Indian soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2008;doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.107. Leistra, M., Tuinstra, L.G.M.Th., van der Burg, A.M.M. and Crum, S.J.H., 1984. Contribution of leaching of diazoinon, parathion, tetrachlorvinphos and triazophos from glasshouse soils to their concentrations in water courses. Chemosphere 3, 403– 413. Liyanage, J.A., Watawala, R.C., Aravinna, A.G.P., Smith, L. and Kookana, R.S., 2006. Sorption of Carbofuran and Diuron Pesticides in 43 Tropical Soils of Sri Lanka. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 1784– 1791. Mallawatantri, A.P., McConkey, B.G. and Mulla, D.J., 1996. Characterization of Pesticide Sorption and Degradation in Macropore Linings and Soil Horizons of Thatuna Silt Loam. Journal of Environmental Quality 25, 227– 235. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development), 2000. Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 106. Adsorption /Desorption using a Batch Equilibrium Method. Paris, France. Rotich, H.K., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y. and Li, J., 2004. The adsorption behaviour of three organophosphorus pesticides in peat and soil samples and their degradation in aqueous solutions at different temperatures and pH values. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 84, 289– 301. Shelton, D.R. and Parkin, T.B., 1991. Effect of moisture on sorption and biodegradation of carbofuran in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, 2063– 2068. Sheng, G., Johnston, C.T., Teppen, B.G. and Boyd, S.A., 2001. Potential contributions of smectite clays and organic matter to pesticide retention in soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 2899– 2907. Yazgan, M.S., Wilkins, R.M., Sykas, C. and Hoque, E., 2005. Comparison of two methods for estimation of soil sorption for imidacloprid and carbofuran. Chemosphere 60, 1325– 1331. Yen, J.-H., Hsiao, F.-L. and Wang, Y.-S., 1997. Assessment of the Insecticide Carbofuran's Potential to Contaminate Groundwater through Soils in the Subtropics. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 38, 260– 265. Alexander, M., 1995. How toxic are toxic chemicals in soil? Environ Sci Technol. 29, 2713– 2717. Amorim, M.J.B., Römbke, J., Scheffczyk, A. and Soares, A., 2005. Effect of different soil types on the enchytraeids Enchytraeus albidus and Enchytraeus luxuriosus using the herbicide Phenmedipham. Chemosphere 61, 1102– 1114. Barriuso, E., Benoit, P. and Dubus, I.G., 2008. Formation of pesticide nonextractable (bound) residues in soil: magnitude, controlling factors and reversibility. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 845– 1854. Belfroid, A., Meiling, J., Seinen, W., van Gestel K. and Hermens J., 1994. Uptake of hydrophobic halogenated organic chemicals from food by earthworms (Eisenia andrei). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27, 260– 265. Belfroid, A., Seinen, W., van Gestel, K., Hermens, J. and van Leeuwen, K., 1995. Modelling the accumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms: Application of the Equilibrium Partitioning Theory. Environmental Science Pollution Research 2, 5– 15. Belfroid, A.C., Sijm, D.T.H.M. and van Gestel, C.A.M., 1996. Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of hydrophobic aromatic compounds in benthic and terrestrial invertebrates. Environ. Rev. 4, 276– 299. Belfroid, A.C. and Sijm, D.T.H.M, 1998. Influence of soil organic matter content on elimination rates of hydrophobic aromatic compounds in the earthworm: possible causes and consequences. Chemosphere 37, 1221– 1234. Belfroid, A.C. and van Gestel, C.A.M., 1999. Blootstellingsroutes van toxische stoffen voor terrestrische invertebraten – literatuur studie. Vrije Universiteit, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, report no. E-99/06. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (In Dutch). Bengtsson, G., Gunnarson, T. and Rundgren, S., 1983. Growth changes caused by metal uptake in a population of Onychiurus armatus (Collembola) feeding on metal polluted fungi. Oikos, 40, 215– 225. Beyer, W.N., 1996. Accumulation of chlorinated benzenes in earthworms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57, 729– 736. Boesten, J.J.T.I., 1993. Bioavailability of organic chemicals in soil related to their concentrations in the liquid phase: a review. The Science of the Total Environment, Supplement, 397– 407. Boesten, J.J.T.I., Köpp, H., Adriaanse, P.I., Brock, T.C.M. and Forbes, V.E., 2007. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 66, 291– 308. Bouldin, J.L., Farris, J.L., Moore, M.T., Smith S. Jr. and Cooper, C.M., 2006. Hydroponic uptake of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in Juncus effuses and Ludwiga peploides. Chemosphere 65, 1049– 1057. Briggs, G.G. and Lord, K.A., 1983. The distribution of aldicarb and its metabolites between Lumbricus terrestris, water and soil. Pestic. Sci. 14, 412– 416. Brummelen, T.C. van, Verweij, R.A., Wedzinga, S.A. and van Gestel, C.A.M., 1996. Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons in earthworms and isopods from contaminated forest soils. Chemosphere 32, 315– 341. Bruns, E., Egeler, P., Roembke, J., Scheffczyk, A. and Spoerlein, P., 2001. Bioaccumulation of lindane and hexachlorobenzen by the oligochaetes Enchytraeus luxuriosus and Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida). Hydrobiol. 463, 185. Carefoot, T.H., 1993. Physiology of terrestrial isopods. Comp. Biocehm. Physiol. 106A, 413– 429. Cornelissen, G., Rigterink, H., Ferdinandy, M.M.A. and van Noort, P.C.M., 1998. Rapidly desorbing fractions of PAHs in contaminated sediments as a predictor of the extent of bioremediation. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 966– 970. Cornelissen, G. and Gustafsson, O., 2005. Importance of unburnt coal carbon, black carbon and amorphous organic carbon to phenantrene sorption in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 764– 769. CSTEE (Scientific Committee on Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment), 2000. The available scientific approaches to assess the potential effects and risk of chemicals on terrestrial ecosystems. Opinion of the scientific committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and the environment expressed at the 19th CSTEE plenary meeting. C2/JCD/csteeop/TER91100/D(0). De Jong, F.M.W., van Beelen, P., Smit, C.E. and Montforts, M.H.M.M., 2006. Guidance for summarising earthworm field studies. RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, 2006. ISBN 90-6960-154-0. Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. O.J. No L230, 19.8.1991 as amended by Directive 97/57/EC establishing Annex VI to Directive 91/414/EEC O.J. No. L265, 27.9.1997. Directive 96/12/EC of 8 March 1996 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. O.J. No. L 65, 15.3.1996, p. 20– 37. Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. O.J. No. L123, 24.4.98. Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC - Commission Declaration. O.J. No. L 106, 17.4.2001. Directive 2001/79/EC of 17 September 2001 amending Council Directive 87/153/EEC fixing guidelines for the assessment of additives in animal nutrition. O.J. No. L 267, 6.10.2001. Doube, B.M. and Brown, G.C., 1998. Life in a complex community: Functional interactions between earthworms, organic matter, microorganisms and plants. In: C.A. Edwards (ed.): Earthworm ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton: 179– 212. EC (European Commission), 1997. Guidance Document on Persistence in Soil (SANCO/9188/ VI/97 rev 8 of 12 July 2000). ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/guidance/wrkdoc11_en.pdf EC (European Commission), 2000. FOCUS groundwater scenarios in the EU review of active substances. SANCO/321/2000 rev 2. focus.jrc.ec.europa.eu/gw/docs/FOCUS_GW_Report_Main.pdf EC (European Commission), 2002. Guidance Document on Terrestrial Ecotoxicology Under Council Directive 91/414/EEC. SANCO/10329/2002 rev 2 final. ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/guidance/wrkdoc09_en.pdf EC (European Commission), 2003. Technical Guidance Document in Support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for New Notified Substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for Existing Substances and Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market, Part II. EC (European Commission), 2003. The future of risk assessment in the European Union. The second report on the harmonisation of risk assessment procedures. Scientific Steering Committee, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Union. EC (European Commission), 2006a. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Thematic strategy for soil protection. COM(2006)231 final. EC (European Commission), 2006b. Impact assessment of the thematic strategy on soil protection. SEC(2006)620. EC (European Commission), 2006c. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides. COM(2006) 372 final Edvardsson, K. and Hansson, S.O., 2005. When is a goal rational? Social Choice and Welfare 24, 343– 361. Edwards, P.J. and Brown, S.M., 1982. Use

Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call