The Structure of Color Language

This volume focuses on the anthropological concept of trade as a fundamentally social activity concerned not only with the movement of goods, but also on the social context and consequences of that exchange. The distinguished contributors discuss trade on a range of scales-from a solitary confinement cell to trans-oceanic networks-in settings around the world and over the past 3000 years. They address themes such as exchange as a communicative act, the ways in which exchange transforms the relationship between people and things, the significance of agency and power in contexts of trade, and how sites of consumption and discard speak to processes of exchange. The volume merges traditional archaeological concerns about trade and exchange with more contemporary issues of agency, identity and social meaning.

Speech act is a branch of pragmatics in which spoken words or utterances play an important role beyond the function of language in communication. In leadership, speech acts enable leaders to initiate a desirable action or behaviour among their followers, and at the same time, convey information more effectively. As such, constative speech acts are commonly used by leaders to describe or depict facts or states of affairs which are either true or false. As to investigate how the different constative speech acts could be used in this context, a qualitative study was conducted with an objective to analyze the constative speech acts of female student leaders in a Malaysian secondary school based on Theory of Speech Acts by Bach & Harnish (1979). Purposive sampling was used to select the research participants and data was gathered from them through a focus group discussion with the researcher. Findings showed that the research participants used various constative speech acts including predictive, assertive, ascriptive, responsive and suggestive in describing the behaviour and characteristics of a good leader. As a conclusion, constative speech acts of the research participants suggest that they could be analytical, firm and sensitive school leaders.

This study aimed to examine whether social support promotes identity meaning among older adults. We hypothesized that when two spouses exchange social support, their sense of marital identity is enhanced. Among older adults, parental identity may be more strongly enhanced when parents provide social support to their children rather than receive social support from them. We conducted a longitudinal survey of 355 older adults (240 men and 115 women aged >60 years), who were assessed four times over 2 years. First, we confirmed the relationship between social support and identity meaning using an autoregressive path model. Second, we examined the effect of social support on the trajectory of role identities in a growth curve model. The intercepts of receiving support and providing support were significantly associated with the intercept of marital identity. In addition, the intercept of identity meaning for parents correlated with the intercept of providing support to their children but not with that of receiving support from their children. Social support between family members promotes role identities in family relationships. In particular, providing support to children correlates with parental roles which connect to subjective well-being.

Coffee, as one of the world’s principal commodities, has long been connected with Western culture in the beverage industry. This study explores the reasons of the stated phenomenon, why it arose, the social significance and meanings of consuming coffee, and lastly, the influences of coffee culture on individuals' lifestyles through coffee consumption in Brunei. This study employed a qualitative technique, including interviews via an online conferencing platform Zoom, which involved 11 respondents aged 17-47 years-old occupying various professions such a manager, clerks, teachers, and officers as well as graduate students. This original article discovered that consumers consumed coffee leading to particular social meanings, including prestige and productivity, symbolism, personal recollections and nostalgia, and social features attributed to coffee consuming activities. Coffee was also consumed as a lifestyle habit and daily routine, as well as connoisseurship from establishing an acquired taste and social identity constructs. It is worth-noting that the shift in social meaning about coffee consumption in Brunei is dynamic, complexed, and obviously inseparable from one another. Our interview accounts also unfold that there is a sensuous juxtaposition within these socio-cultural elements of coffee emanating from subjective experiences of regularly consuming specific coffee brands in selected cafes, which also embody pivotal ambiences.

A trainable prosodic model called SFC (Superposition of Functional Contours), proposed by Holm and Bailly, is here confronted to German intonation. Training material is the publicly available Siemens Synthesis Corpus that provides spoken utterances for high-quality speech synthesis. We describe the labeling framework and first evaluation results that compares the original prosody of test sentences of this corpus with their prosodic rendering by the proposed model and state-of-the-art systems available on-line on the web. Index Terms : speech synthesis, prosody, evaluation Introduction The trainable prosodic model SFC (Superposition of Functional Contours) has been developed by Holm and Bailly [1-3]. It implements a theoretical model of intonation initially sketched by Auberge [4, 5] that promotes an intimate link between phonetic forms and linguistic functions: metalinguistic functions acting on different discourse units (thus at different scopes) are directly implemented as global multiparametric contours. These metalinguistic functions refer to the general ability of intonation to demarcate phonological units and convey information about the propositional and interactional func tions of these units within the discourse. This trainable prosodic model has been confronted to speech styles (from read speech to spoken maths) and different languages including French, Galician or more recently Chinese [6]. German is of most interest because of its rich morphology and its potentially deep recursive syntactic embedding. Analysis of German prosody notably induces Schreuder and Gilbers [7] to question the Strict Layer Hypothesis [8] and claim for the existence of recursive prosodic phrases. While most quantitative models of German intonation that have been so far applied to speech synthesis use a phonological representation with few levels when not limited to prosodic phrases [9, 10]. We describe here our first efforts in confronting the SFC - that may potentially capture rich embedded performance structures [11] – to German intonation. Our first parameterization of the SFC usi ng limited training material is evaluated against state-of-the-art text-to-speech systems available on the web.

Design, Dissemination, and Disinformation in Viral Maps

As sociolinguistics continued to develop in the 1970s, members of the Council’s Committee on Sociolinguistics (1963–1979) reflected on the direction and intellectual impact of this emergent discipline. In this 1972 article, Dell Hymes, cochairman of the committee, describes several orientations toward the field among its practitioners, and argues for what he regarded as the most ambitious: a “socially constituted linguistics.” By this, Hymes meant a sociolinguistics that challenges linguistics’ core theoretical starting points of linguistic structure and grammar with a focus on the social meaning and functions of language in context. In relation to our “Sociolinguistic Frontiers” series, Hymes presciently argues that ultimately the field must address how inequality and language intersect, going “beyond means of speech and types of speech community to a concern with persons and social structure.”

Beyond stereotypes: Cognitive abilities underlying social meaning

Across a large number of countries, the use of English in non-English-language advertising is often conceived as a powerful tool for constructing identities. This article aims to examine the politics of modern identity in China as constructed and normalized in Chinese-English bilingual advertising for autos in newspapers and magazines. Drawing upon a critical-cognitive approach as the result of combining critical discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics, the article focuses mainly on the examination into the social, cultural, and political meanings of modern identity, as well as how they are enacted, shaped, reinforced and legitimated through the ideology-governed application of English. The roles English may play in the constructive processes were found often complicated and fluid, which seems to be closely associated with the paradoxical attitudes and beliefs of the country towards English as a foreign language in China. The examination of modern identity politics as a discursive construction in Chinese-English auto ads has not only exemplified the social, cultural, and political meanings of modern identity in China, but has also demonstrated how the local politics of English is manifested in, and becomes an intrinsic element of, the discourse of modern identity there.

Chapters 3 and 4 discussed ideational or conceptual meanings of grammar and lexis, respectively. The other categories of meaning in Leech's taxonomy are collocative and thematic, which are textual and discussed in Chapter 6, and reflected, connotative, affective and social which are (inter-)personal and the topic of this chapter. The latter, social meaning, will be elaborated by reference to Crystal and Davy (1969), who point out that utterances might tell you who the speaker writer is (idiosyncrasy), their age or when they were speaking (age), where they come from (dialect ) and their relationship with the hearer/reader (status /intimacy). In the lowest row of Figure 4.1 (p. 78) I suggested the existence of synonyms : lexical items with identical meanings represented by two different forms. It is probably the case that synonyms only exist if one confines oneself to conceptual meaning. Lexical items are seldom synonymous on all dimensions of meaning. For instance, ‘grandfather’ and ‘grandad’ obviously differ on the interpersonal dimension of formality. REFLECTED MEANING Reflected meaning can be detected when a word’s meaning is affected by lexical items with the same form but different meaning, e.g. intercourse meaning ‘two-way communication’ disappeared from English to be replaced by discourse , because of the unwanted meaning ‘sexual intercourse’. Or titbit changes its form to tidbit in US English to avoid the reflection from tit, slang for ‘nipple’. Historically in the US, a sextet has been misleadingly called a quintet (Blake 2007: 43). And Chinese often avoid the word-form /seɪ/, meaning ‘four’, since it is a homophone for ‘death’. So, if you live on the “fiftieth” floor of a condominium in Hong Kong you may well actually live on the thirty-sixth floor. Reflected meaning, as in these examples, drives the use of euphemism, which can even work cross-linguistically with less than competent translations. Chiaro (1992: 23) gives this example from a butcher’s shop window, probably owned by an Italian: “Sausages made without conservatives”. The correct word would be preservatives , but the equivalent Italian word-form preservative means ‘contraceptive’. (Any avoidance of the similarity between a condom and sausage skin may be accidental.) The converse tendency is comedians’ stock recourse to puns involving sexual innuendo.

<p>The religious formation of the Gaudya Vaisnava model viewed from the persuasion communication strategy is very interesting to study, because the activity will describe the elements of communication whether it is effective or not. From the point of view of the communicator, for example, is it capable of applying effective message delivery techniques? in terms of communicant, does it have the characteristics to be able to understand the meaning of the message as intended by the communicator? From the message element, is the message important to be known by the communicant ?. From the media element, is the media used to convey the message effective enough? And from the element of effect, whether the similarity in meaning of messages sent and received is able to change the communicant's attitude or behavior. Thus the process of religious formation will achieve its objectives if the elements of communication work effectively.</p><p>There is no research on this matter, so it is not yet known whether the religious formation of the Gaudya Waisnava model has been effective or not. For this reason, this research was specifically carried out to describe and interpret (1) how does the religious development activities of the Gaudya Vaisnava model in Pasraman Sri-Sri Nitai Gaurangga? (2) how is the function of religious formation of the Gaudya Vaisnava model in Pasraman Sri-Sri Nitai Gaurangga? And (3) what is the meaning of the religious formation of the Gaudya Vaisnava model in Pasraman Sri-Sri Nitai Gaurangga?</p>The results of the study (1) the activities of religious formation of the Gaudya Vaisnava model include: (a) the activities of receiving students / new students; (b) the implementation of unlawful education; (c) Brahmin Diksa implementation; (d) carrying out the task of spreading the teachings of Gaudya Vaisnawa (2) the function of religious formation of the Gaudya Vaisnava model includes social functions and religious functions. Social functions encourage members to carry out their social life tasks better. Whereas the religious function encourages its members to be able to harmonize all aspects of their lives. (3) The meaning of religious formation in the Gaudya Vaisna model includes social and religious meanings. Social meaning is intended to increase the insight of its members to be more inclusive among humans. The religious meaning is intended to increase the insight of its members in order to be able to harmonize all their life activities.

Many studies have claimed that L2 learning is achieved by face-to-face interaction that provides comprehensible input and comprehensible output. Then, for learners to gain effective interaction in classroom and in the TL society, the learner's identity should be properly reflected. This paper is a review and an overall discussion of the SLA studies on the issues of identity and gender in SL and FL context. Therefore, in this paper, I focus on issues of language learner's identity(ies) and gender engaged in classroom interaction that drives learner's motivation and attitude that shifts in moment-to- moment. The discussion is based on the Norton's ‘multiple identities', Tajfel's ‘social identities', and Boxer and Cortes-Conde's ‘relational identities,' as well as the issues of learner's identities engaging gender in classroom interaction with pedagogical implication in classroom.

The acquisition of English as a second language is routinely identified by teachers and others as the major hurdle to mainstream integration of students of non‐English speaking backgrounds. Although it has long been recognised that language and issues of identity are closely bound together, educational researchers have produced little systematic evidence of how migrant students actually construct social identity as they are learning English. In what sense is learning a new language related to the construction of a ‘new’ identity? To what extent does the construction of identity depend on ‘being heard'? This paper focuses on the relationship between the acquisition of English as a second language by migrant students and the expression of social identity, particularly in the context of school. The paper begins by outlining a simple theoretical model which conceptualises links between issues of language use and identity. Next, data from interviews with three students from non‐English speaking backgrounds in Queensland high schools are used to trace the pathways of these students from arrival to full mainstream integration in high school, and to explore the dynamic relationship between discourse and the construction of identity. It will be shown that language acquisition and use, institutional contexts and identity work are vitally integrated.

Animal language references the field in which animals' capabilities for various dimensions and functions of language are researched. Language is here defined as a neurobehavioral system that provides for the construction and use of symbols to enable the conveyance and receipt of information and novel ideas between individuals. The meanings of symbols in this system are basically defined and modulated through social interactions.

Neuroethical evaluation of neuromodulation for stuttering: Implications for agency, identity, consent, and social meaning.