Abstract
This chapter discusses the sperm cytoskeleton and its defects. It reviews some data on normal or defective mammalian spermatozoa. The emphasis will be on human sperm cells although data from other eutherian mammals will be included: bulls, stallions, rams, boars, dogs, rabbits, and, because they are suitable for genetic experiments, mice. In spite of some recent progress, it is only fair to say that the knowledge on the normal and pathological sperm anatomy is still fragmentary. Every animal species has spermatozoa that show species-specific characteristics and generalizations made from studies on one species may not necessarily apply to others. Spermatozoa of eutherian mammals, excepting the pangolin are, however, of the same general type, with only relatively small differences in size and shape. Spermatozoa of marsupials and monotremes have different morphologies and those of non-mammals may vary in shape and composition at least as much as do the animals producing them.
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