The second-order NLO property of a photoswitchable heteroditpioc ion-pair receptor based on 2-pyridyl acylhydrazone linking with 2,6-pyridine bisamide: The impacts of metal cations and anions

Abstract

A photoswitchable heteroditpioc ion-pair receptor E-1 and its isomeride Z-1 (without the anion binding site), that are based on the 2-pyridyl acylhydrazone linking 2,6-pyridine bisamide, have brought our attention to systematically explore the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties by the density functional theory (DFT). In this work, we mainly studied the influences of metal cations (M = Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+), anions (X = Cl−, Br− and I−) and ion-pair (NaCl, NaBr and NaI) on NLO responses for the receptor. In addition, the impacts of isomerization and poto-switching processes on NLO response for these systems also have been discussed detailedly. The results show that the isomerization process does not effectively adjust the NLO properties for our studied systems. But the poto-switching process that was triggered by light to capure or release ions plays an important role in improving the NLO properties. The receptors E-1 and Z-1 are excellent candidates to effectively detect metal cation Pb2+, because the first hyperpolarizability (βtot) values of E∗Pb2+ and Z∗Pb2+ increased by 13 times and 20 times relative to that of receptors E-1 (188.06 a.u.) and Z-1 (270.21 a.u.), respectively. In addition, the receptor E-1 has the possibility to detect anion I− due to the larger βtot values compared with other anion-complexes. However, the changes of NLO responses for ion-pair complexes are not obvious compared with corresponding anion-complexes. We are looking forward to the research would be beneficial for further theoretical and experimental studies on recognizing metal cations and anions based on large second-order NLO difference.